A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

636 JUBA. JUBA.
ordinary level of barbarians; but it must be ad- 1; Minucius Felix, 23), nor are there wanting
mitted that these accounts are derived from his proofs of the consideration which he enjoyed during
enemies.: had the party of Pompey triumphed, we his lifetime in foreign countries also. Thus we
should perhaps have been led to form a more fa- find him obtaining the honorary title of duumvir
vourable estimate of the Numidian king. The coins of the wealthy city of Gades (Avienus, de Ora
of Juba are numerous; they all bear his head on Marit. v. 275), and apparently at New Carthage
the obverse, and are accommodated to the same also (Mgm. de l'Acad. des Inser. vol. xxxviii. p.
standard of weight with the Roman denarius: one 104) and Pausanias mentions a statue erected to
of them is figured on the preceding page. [E. H. B.] his memory at Athens itself. (Paus. i. 17. ~ 2.)
JUBA II. ('Ifeas), king of Mauritania, son of But it is to his literary works that Juba is indebted
the preceding. He was a mere child at the time for his chief reputation. He appears to have reof his father's death (B. c. 46), after which event tained on the throne the habits of study which he
he was carried a prisoner to Rome by Caesar, and had acquired in early life; and in the number and.
compelled to grace the conqueror's triumph. (Ap- variety of his writings he might vie with many
pian, B. C. ii. 101; Plut. Caes. 55.) In other professed grammarians. His works are continually
respects he appears to have been well treated. He cited by Pliny (H. N. v. viii. x. xii. xiii. &c. paswas brought up in Italy, where he received an ex- sim), who regards his authority with the utmost
cellent education, and applied himself with such deference. Plutarch (Sert. 9) calls him d 7crdaver
diligence to study, that he turned out one of the ie'opKCor'aTor f3aoXAe'wY, Athenaeus (iii. p. 83, b.)
most learned men of his day. As he rose to man- dv,)p 7roAvaeiOi-TaZros; and Avienus (de Ora Meahood he obtained a high place in the favour of sit. v. 279) has described him as
Octavian, whom he accompanied in his expedition
to the East; nor did he fail to reap the fruits of Octaviano principi acceptissimus?this favour, in the general settlement of the affairs literarum semper in studio Juba.
of the empire, after the death of Antony (B. c. He appears indeed to have laboured in almost every
30). On that occasion Octavian restored his young branch of literature; some of his works beingfriend to the possession of his paternal kingdom of purely grammatical or antiquarian, while others
Numidia, at the same time that he gave him in comprise a wide field of history, geography, natural
marriage Cleopatra, otherwise called Selene, the history, and the fine arts. The most important
daughter of Antony and Cleopatra. (Dion Cass. among those of which the names have been transli. 15; Plunt. Ant. 87; Strab. xvii. p. 828.) At a mitted to us are the following:-1. A history of
subsequent period (B. c. 25) Augustus gave him Africa (ALirvKc, Plut. Parallel. Minor. 23; *repl
the two provinces of Mauritania (afterwards called Al~z1s 1 ovyypd1qsea'a. Athen. iii. p. 83, b.), in
Tingitana and Caesariensis), which- had formed the which he had made use of the Punic authorities
kingdoms of Bocchus and Bogud, in exchange for accessible to him, a circumstance which must have
Numidia, which was reduced to a Roman pro- rendered it especially valuable. It is evident, howvince. Some of the Gaetulian tribes were at the ever, from some of the passages cited from it, that
same time subjected to his sway; and almost the he had mixed these up with fables of Greek origin.
only event of his long reign that we find recorded (Plut. Sert. 9.) It is probably from this work that,
is an insurrection of these tribes, which assumed so most of the information quoted from his authority
formidable an aspect, that Juba was unable to re concerning the natural history of lions, elephants,
press it by his own efforts; and even the Roman &c. is derived, though the title of the book is not
general Cornelius Cossus, whom he called in to his mentioned (Plin. H. N. viii. 4, 5, 13, &c.; Aelian,
assistance, did not succeed in reducing them until Hist. Anitm. vii. 23, ix. 58; Plut. de Solert. Anim.
after a long protracted struggle, by which he earned p. 972, a.; Philostr. Vit. Apollon. ii. 13, p. 62, ed.
the honorary'appellation of Gaetulicus. (Dion Olear.), and it was doubtless here also that he gave
Cass. liii. 26, Iv. 28; comp. Strab. xvii. pp. 828, that account of the origin of the Nile, derived, as
831.) The exact period of his death is nowhere we are expressly told, fiom Punic sources, which is
mentioned, but Strabo more than once speaks of cited by Pliny and other authors. (Plin. v. 10;
him as lately dead (xvii. pp. 828, 829, 840) at the Amm. Marc. xxii. 15; Solin. 35.) It may intime that he himself was writing; and this state- deed be regarded as Pliny's chief authority for
ment, coupled with the evidence of one of his coins, the geographical account of Africa contained in the
which bears the date of the 48th year of his reign, fifth book of his Natural History. - The third book
renders it probable that we may assign his death of this work is quoted by Plutarch (Pardllel. 1. c.).
to A. a. 18 or 19 at latest.: (See Eckhel, vol. iv. p. 2. Ilep -'Aeovpswv, in two books, in which he
157; Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. p. 203.).. followed the authority of Berosus. (Tatian, Orat.
The tranquil reign of Juba appears to have af- adv. Graec. 58; Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 329.)*
forded but few materials for history; but it is 3. A history of Arabia, which he addressed to
evident that his kingdom rose to a pitch of power C. Caesar (the grandson of Augustus) when that
and prosperity under his rule far exceeding what it prince was about to proceed on his expedition to'
had before attained, and he endeavoured to intro- the East, B. C. 1. It appears to have contained a'
duce as far as possible the elements of Greek and general description of the country, and all that was
Roman civilisation among his barbarian subjects. then known concerning its geography, natural proAmong other things, he converted a town called ductions, &c. It is cited by Pliny as the most
Iol into a handsome city, with an excellent port, trustworthy account of those regions which was
to which he gave the name of Caesareia, and which known to him (H. AT. vi. 26, 28, 30, xii. 31.).
continued from thenceforth the capital of Mauri- 4. Pwzaeic) io'ropta, cited repeatedlyby Stephanus
tania.' (Strab. xvii. p. 831; Eutrop. vii. 10.) So of Byzantium (s. vv.'AgopiLy7ves,'ortfa, &c.). Nugreat was the reverence entertained for him by his merous statements quoted by Plutarch, from'Juba,
own subjects, that they even paid him divine ho- without mentioning any particular work, but relating
nours after his death (Lactant. de Fals. Relig. i. to the early history and antiquities of Rome, are