A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

JUBA. JUBA. 635
their charge, was banished with his patroness. person landed in Africa, where Scipio, Cato, and
After* Agrippina's murder, Iturius was recalled the remaining leaders of the Pompeian party, were
from exile by Nero. (Tac. Ans. xiii. 19, 21, 22, now assembled. Juba was advancing in person, at
xiv. 12.)- [W. B. D.1 the head of a large army, to the support of Scipio,
ITYS. [TEREUS.] when he received intelligence that his own doJUBA I. ('IdGas), king of Numidia, was son minions had been invaded from another quarter by
of Hiempsal, who was re-established on the throne Bocchus, king of Mauritania, and the Roman geby Pompey. [HIEMPSAL, No. 2.] (Dion Cass. neral P. Sitius, who had obtained considerable sucxli. 41; Suet. Caes. 71.) We hear little of him cesses, and even made themselves'masters of the
during his father's lifetime, but Cicero incidentally important city of Cirta. Hereupon he returned
mentions him in one of his orations as early as with his army, to oppose this new enemy, contentB. c. 63 (De Leg. Agrar. Or. ii. 22), and in the ing himself with sending thirty elephants to the
following year we find him at Rome, whither he assistance of Scipio. Of his operations against
had probably been sent by his father, to support Sitius we know nothing, but it was not long before
their cause against a Numidian named, Masintha, the urgent request of the Roman commander reon which occasion a violent altercation took place called him to his support; and leaving his general
between him and Caesar, then praetor. (Suet. Saburra to make head against Bocchus and Sitius,
Caes. 71.) On the death of Hiempsal, Juba suc- he himself joined Scipio in his camp near Uzita,
ceeded to all the power and privileges enjoyed by with three legions of regular infantry, 800 wellhis father, whose authority appears to have ex- armed cavalry, and thirty elephants, besides a
tended not only over all Numidia but over many countless swarm of light-armed infantry and Nuof the Gaetulian tribes of the interior (Hirt. B. midian horse. Yet he did not, after all, render
Afr. 56), a circumstance which probably gave rise any very important services to the cause of his
to the absurd exaggeration of Lucan, who repre- allies. A combat of cavalry took place soon after
sents him (iv. 670) as ruling over the whole of his arrival, in which, notwithstanding their superior
Africa, from the pillars of Hercules to the temple numbers, the Numidians were defeated, and Juba
of Ammon. On the breaking out of the civil war himself, as well as Labienus, narrowly escaped
between CaeSar and Pompey, Juba espoused the falling into the hands of the enemy. Meanwhile
cause of the latter, a course to which he was im- he gave the greatest offence to the Romans with
pelled both by his hereditary attachment to Pompey whom he was associated, by his haughty and arhimself, confirmed probably by the dispute with rogant bearing towards their officers, and even
Caesar already adverted to, and by personal en- towards Scipio himself. The Gaetulians also
mity to Curio, who in the year of his tribuneship quitted his standard in great numbers, being
(B. C. 50) had proposed a law for reducing the attracted to Caesar by his relationship to Makingdom of Juba to the condition of a Roman pro- rius, whose name still exercised a powerful invince. Hence, when Curio landed in Africa (B. C. fluence over them. In the final action at Thapsus,
49) with an army of only two legions, the king the elephants, on which both Scipio and Juba in
was prompted by private revenge, as well as general great measure relied, having been once put to
policy, to hasten to the support of P. AttiusVarus, flight, the Numidians offered but little resistance,
the Pompeian general in Africa. Before, however, and their camp fell into the hands of the enemy
Juba could arrive to his succour, Varus had suffered almost without a struggle. Juba himself fled from
a considerable defeat, and with difficulty maintained the field of battle to the strong city of Zama, where
his ground under the walls of Utica. On the first he had deposited his wives and children, as well as
news of the king's approach, at the head of a nu- his treasures and military stores, and in which he
merous army, Curio retreated to a strong position had prepared all things for a desperate defence; but
on the sea-coast, called the Castra Cornelia, but in the inhabitants, having already received tidings of
order to draw him away from thence, Juba caused Caesar's victory, shut the gates against him. He
a report to be spread that he himself had retired now wandered about for some time, until at length,
into the interior, and had only detached a small having learnt that his lieutenant Saburra had been
force under Saburra to the relief of Utica. Curio utterly defeated by P. Sitius, and that Cato had
fell easily into the snare, attacked the advanced perished by his own hand at Utica, he abandoned
guard of the Numidians at the river Bagradas, and all hopes of safety, and put an end to his own life,
drove it before him; nor did he discover his mistake having previously, it is said, dispatched the Roman
until his little army was entirely surrounded and general Petreius, who had been the companion of
overwhelmed by )he countless swarms of the Nu- his flight. (Hirt. B. Afr. 25, 48, 52, 55-57, 66,
midian cavalry. Curio himself fell in the action, 74, 80-86, 91-94; Dion. Cass. xlii. 56-58,
with almost all his infantry: a few cohorts of ca- xliii. 2-9; Appian, B. C. ii. 95-97, 100; PIut.
valry, which had made their escape to the camp Caes. 52, 53; Liv. Epit. cxiii. cxiv.; Oros. vi. 16;
near Utica, and surrendered to Varus at discretion, Flor. iv. 2; Eutrop. vi. 23; Suet. Cues. 35.) There
were put to the sword in cold blood by Juba, in is nothing in any of the accounts transmitted to us
spite of the opposition of the Roman general. of Juba which would lead as to rank him above the
(Caes. B. C. ii. 23-44; Dion Cass. xli. 41, 42;
Appian, B. C. ii. 44-46; Lucan, iv. 581-824;
Liv. Epit. cx.; Oros. vi. 15; Flor. iv. 2.) For
these services, Juba was rewarded by the senate of
the Pompcian party with the title of king, and
other honours; while Caesar and the senate at
Rome proclaimed him a public enemy. (Dion
Cass. xli. 42; Lucan, v. 56.) He continued in
undisturbed possession of his kingdom until the'
beginning of. the year B. c. 46, when Caesar in COIN OF JUBA.L