A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

JOSEPHUS. - JOSEPHUS.'613'Interpolatid into it, perhaps by Eusebiis, wio, The Hebrew copy is no longer extant. The Greek
there is reason to fear, was quite capable of the was published about A. D. 75, under the patronage
fraud, perhaps by some earlier Christian, not lie- and with the especial -recommendation of Titus.
cessarily with a dishonest purpose, but in the way Agrippa II. also, in no fewer than sixty-two letters
of marginal annotation. (Villoison, Anecd. Graec. to Josephus, bore testimony to the care and fidelity
ii. pp. 69 —71; Routh, Rel. Sac. iv. p. 389; Hei- displayed in it. It was admitted into the Palatine
nichen, Ex-eurs. ad Euseb. i. 11.) library, and its author was honoured with a statue at
The writings of Josephus have always been con- Rome. It commences with the capture of Jerusalem
sidered, and with justice, as indispensable for the by Antiochus Epiphanes in B.c. 170, runs rapidly
theological student. For the determination of over the events before Josephus's own time, and
various readings, both in the Hebrew text of the gives a detailed account of the fatal war with
Old Testament and in the Septuagint version, they Rome. (Jos. Vit. 65; Euseb. Hist. Eccl. iii. 9;
are by, no means without their value, though they Hieron. Catal. Script. Eccl. 13; Ittigius, Prolegohave been herein certainly over-rated by Whiston.'mena; Fabric. Bibl. Graee. vol. v. p. 4; Voss. de
But their chief use consists in such points-as their Hist. Graec. p. 239, ed. Westermann.)
testimony to the striking fulfilment of our Saviour's' 2. The Jewish Antiquities ('IovUalK~i dopXalohoprophecies, their confirmation of the canon, facts, -y/a), in twenty books, completed about A. D. 93,
and statements of Scripture, and the obvious col- and addressed to EPAPHRODITUS. The title as
lateral aid which they supply for its elucidation. well as the number of books may have been sug(See Fabr. Bibl. Graec. vol. v. p. 20, &c.; Gray's gested by'the'Pcw1saiKc) apXaoAhoyia of Dionysius of
Connection of Sacred and Classical Literature, vol. i. Halicarnassus. The work extends from the creation'p. 31 0, &c.)' of the world to A. D. 66, the 12th year of Nero, in
The character of a faithful historian is claimed which the Jews were goaded to rebellion by Gesby Josephus for himself, and has been pretty ge- sius Florus. It embraces therefore, but more in
nerally acknowledged, though, from what has been detail, much of the matter of the first. and part of
already said of his anxiety to conciliate his heathen the second book of the Jewish war. Both these hisreaders, it cann'ot be admitted without some draw- tories are said to have been translated into Hebrew,
backs. (c. Ap. i. ~ 9, Prooem. ad Ant., Prooem. of which version, however, there are no traces,
ad Bell. Jud.; Fabr. Bibl. Graec. vol. v. p. 1 6, &c.) though some have erroneously identified it with the
On this subject see Brinch, Exam. Hist. Jos., to work of the Pseudo-Josephus Gorionides. [See
the instances adduced by whom we may add our above, JOSEPHUS, No. 10.]
author's omission of the promises to Eve, and 3. His own life, in one book. This is an appendage
Abraham, and Jacob, of the delivering Seed, and to the Archaeologia, and is addressed to the sani-e:
his adoption, with'sonie variations, of the story Epaphroditus. It cannot, however, have been
about ARISTEAS and the seventy-two translators written earlier than A. D. 97, since Agrippa II. is
of the Old Testament. (Ant. i. 1, 13, 19, xii. 2; mentioned in it as no longer living (~ 65).
Gen. iii. 15, xxii. 18, xxviii. 14.) 4. A treatise on the antiquity of the:Jews, or fKar
His chronology, differing as it does in many'Ailrwvos, in two books, also addresse'dg to'Epaphropoints-from that of the Septuagint, as well as from ditus. It is in answer to such as ifip'ugned the
that of the Hebrew text, is too wide a subject to antiquity of the Jewish nationl,'on. theigto und of
be discussed here. The reader is referred for sa- the silence of Greek writers respecting' it,, - The
tisfaction on the point to Vossius, Chron. Sac.; title, "against APION," is rather a misnomer —, and
Brinch, Exam. Cw'0on. Jos.; Hale's New Analysis is applicable only to a portion of the second book
qf Chronology; Stackhouse's Hist. of te Bible, ch. (&~ 1-13). The treatise exhibits considerable
3; L'Estrange, Disc. ii., prefixed to his transl. of learning, and we have already seen how St. Jerome
Josephus; Spanheim, Chsrooz. Jos. speaks of it. The Greek text is deficient from ~ 5
The language of Josephus is remarkably pure, to ~ 9 of book ii. [APoLLoNIus of Alabanda, No.
though we meet occasionally with unclassical, or at 3.]
least unusual, expressions and constructions, in 5. E4s MakiaCagiovU, 4 7rfpl: aVjTOKPaTOpOe Aosome of which instances, however, the readings are yto-to6, in one book. Its genuineness has been
doubtful. On his style in general, and on the dif- called in question by many (see Cave, Hist. Lit.
ferent character it bears in different portions of his Script. Eccl. p. 22), but it is referred to as a work
works, the reader will find some sensible remarks of Josephus by Eusebius,' St. Jerome, Philostorgius,
in the treatise of Daubuz above referred to (b. ii. and others. (See Fabr. Bibl. Graec. vol. v. p. 7;
~~ 3, &c.). It is characterised by considerable Ittigius, Prolegomn.) Certainly, however, it does
clearness in what may be called the apyad pipn, not read like one of his. It is an extremely desuch as narrative and discussion; the speeches clamatory account of the martyrdom of Eleazar (an
which he introduces have much spirit and vigour; aged priest), and of seven youths and their mother,
and there is a graphic liveliness, an evdcpyeLa, in his in the persecution under Antiochus Epiphanes
descriptions, which carries our feelings along with and this is prefaced by a discussion on the supreit, and fully justifies the title of the Greek Livy, macy which reason possesses de jure over pleasure
applied to him by St. Jerome. (Phot. Bibl. p. 33; and pain. Its title has reference to the zeal for
Hieron. ad Eustoch. de Cust. Virg. Ep. xviii.; Chrys. God's law displayed by the sufferers in the spirit
in Ep. ad Rom.. Hom. xxv.) of the Maccabees. There is a paraphrase of it by
The works of Josephus are as follows:- Erasmus; and in some Greek copies of the Bible it
1. The His'tory of the Jewish War (4repl:'oT was inserted as the fourth book of the Maccabees'IoaMi'Ywou sroxAeUov *'IouvaZKtcs 1ioropias 7res (Fabr. 1. c.).
diaueiose), in seven books. Josephus tells us that 6. The treatise irepl Trov racvrs was certainly
he wrote it first in his own language, and then not written by Josephus. For an account of it see
translated it into Greek, for the information of. Photius, Bibl. xlviii.; Fabr. Bibl. Gr-aec. vol. v. p.
European readers (Prooem. ad Bell. Jud. ~ 1]. 8 s Tttigius. Proleg. ad fin.
ns 3