A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

582 JOANNES..JOANNES.
insight into the causes of the final overthrow of the with its district, a few islands, and some districts
Greek empire than the history of his time. Our in the Peloponnesus and northern Greece, and imspace, however, is too confined to give more than a plored him to do his utmost for his delivery should
sketch of those events which are most remarkable he even be obliged to sell the holy vessels of the
for ecclesiastical as well as political- history. The churches. Andronicus, in pursuit of some selfish
young emperor was scarcely seated on his throne and ambitious plans, remained deaf to the prayers
when the Turks crossed the Bosporus, and by the of his father. Manuel, however, the emperor's
capture of the fortress of Tzympe, now Chini or second son and lord of Thessalonica, was no sooner
Jemenlik, laid the foundation of all their further informed'of the misfortune of his father, than he
conquests in Europe. The plan of extending the, sold his whole property, hastened to Venice, and
dominions of the Osmanlis over Europe was formed released his father, who immediately returned to
by Soliman, the son of sultan Urkhan, the governor Constantinople (1370), although not without
of Cyzicus, while he was wandering in the silence serious apprehensions of vengeance from sultan
of a moonlight night through the ruins of that an- Miirad. In order to soothe him he sent his third
cient and once splendid town; and having crossed son, Theodore, as a hostage, to Adrianople; wherethe Bosporus with 10,000 horse, he soon conquered upon he deprived Andronicus of his supreme auan extensive district near the mouth of the Hebrus. thority, and appointed the faithful Manuel coHe died in 1358; but his brother Miirad, who emperor. Andronicus, a man full of ambition and
*succeeded sultan Urkhan in 1359, took up and destitute of principles and honour, now sought for
realized his plans. Neither the arms nor the gold revenge; and being acquainted with one of the
-of Palaeologus could' stop the victorious career of sons of Miirad, who governed the European pro-sultan Miirad: town after town fell into his hands; vinces during the sultan's absence in Asia, and
and in 1361 he took the noble city of Adrianople, who was a secret enemy of his father, he had an
which soon became the capital of the Turkish em- interview with this prince, and they mutually propire. Thence he directed his march upon Servia, mised to murder their fathers, and then assist each
despising the forces of the emperor, who could have other in obtaining the supreme power. The name
fallen upon his rear and cut off his retreat to Asia, of the Turkish prince was Sauji, but the Greek
but stood trembling within the closed gates of Con- historians call him Lagov'TpLos and Muchr- TpeAe'7ris
stantinople. With the fall of Adrianople the fate (Moses the gentleman), Chalcocondylas being the
of the Greek empire was sealed. Pope Urban V. only one who writes the name nearly correctly,
yielding to the entreaties of the Greek emperor, e,'dovs. MUirad was soon informed of the conwho promised to submit to his spiritual authority, spiracy. He summoned the emperor to appear at
entreated king Louis of Hungary to arm for the his court, and to justify himself, since it was bedefence of both the Servian and Greek Christians, lieved that only Sauji, not Andronicus, really
and from that time the protection of the remnants of intended the alleged crime, and that the whole was
the Greek empire depended entirely upon the fears but a plot of John Palaeologus: but the deep grief
ior the courage of the kings of Hungary. A united of the emperor at hearing this terrible news soon
army of Servians and Hungarians, commanded by convinced the sultan of his innocence. They now
king Louis, advanced upon Adrianople, but at two resolved to unite their efforts in punishing the'days' distance from that town was stopped by traitors, who had meanwhile raised troops and.Miirad, who obtained a decisive victory over them pitched their camp near Apricidium, in the neigh(1363). After this Miirad took up his permanent bourhood of Constantinople. In the dead of night.residence at Adrianople, and gradually conquered they were roused by the voice of the sultan, who
the greater part of the Thracian peninsula; but was seen riding fearlessly through the tents of the
finding the Servians formidable adversaries, he rebels, summoning them to avoid certain death by
made peace with John Palaeologus, who paid him returning to their duty, and promising life and:a heavy annual tribute. Aware that his turn liberty to their royal leaders likewise, if they
would come as soon as the Servians should have would now surrender and implore his mercy. Most
~been brought under the Turkish yoke, Palaeologus of the rebels, Turks as well as Greeks, immediately
resolved to implore the assistance of the Western availed themselves of the sultan's conditions, and
princes, and with that view made overtures to pope were pardoned, but the two princes fled. Sauji
Urban V. to adopt the Roman Catholic religion if was taken in the town of Didymoticum, blinded,
he would assist him in his plans. The negotiations and afterwards put to death: and Andronicus
being carried on too slowly for his fears and his having likewise been made prisoner by the imperial
hopes, he went twice to Rome (1369 and 1370). troops, he and his son John were sentenced to be
Urban promised to put 15 galleys, 500 men in deprived of their sight, but the operation was unarmour, and 1500 archers, at his disposal; but this skilfully performed with boiling vinegar, and neither
succour never arrived at Constantinople, nor did father nor son was entirely blinded. The rebelthe pope succeed in his endeavours to arm the lion of the sons of the two Eastern monarchs is
Western princes for the defence of the city. The differently told by the Byzantine and Turkish
emperor, however, kept his promise to the pope, historians; but the narratives of the Greeks, Chaland in the presence of four cardinals solemnly pro- cocondylas, Phranza, and Ducas, deserve more
fessed himself a Roman Catholic, and acknowledged credit, because they agree even in details. Phranza
the pope as the spiritual head of the Greek church. indeed says that the rebellion took place previous
Disappointed in Rome, Palaeologus went to Venice; to the emperor's journeys to Rome in 1369 and
but there he not only failed in obtaining assistance, 1370, though it really happened in 1385; but
but being short of money, he incurred debts, and chronology is the weak side of Phranza, and here,
was arrested by some Venetian merchants. He as in many other cases, he makes an anachronism.
sent messengers to his son Andronicus, who, during Andronicus and his son were confined in the tower
~his absence, governed the empire, which was then of Anemas, a sort of state prison, where forty years
-reduced to the city of Constantinople, Thessalonica previously the admiral Apocauchus was murdered.