A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

574 INNOCENTIUS.'INNOCEN~TIUS:
disown the authority of the weak- and dissolute' oiysius-:Exiguus-; four are found among'the letter$
Gallienus, who,;however, displayed upon. this oc- -of St. Augustin, two were first edited by Holcasion unwonted promptitude and energy, for stenius from a. Vatican MS., the remaining seven
marching at once into Illyria, he encountered the were derived from various sources.
usurper at Mursia, where the rebels were defeated, The Editio. Princeps, containing twenty-one
and their leader was slain, or, according to other epistles, under the'title Decreta Innocentii Papae
accounts, stabbed himself, to avoid the torture he L VII., appeared in the Coilectio Canonum Dionysis
anticipated if captured alive. The relentless cruelty Etigui, fol. Mogunt. 1525; the first complete
displayed by the conqueror upon this occasion to- edition, comprising the whole thirty-four epistles,
wards all who had favoured the pretensions of In- forms the first volume of the Epistolae Pontiflciae,
genuus has been adverted to in a former article. published by cardinal Anton. Caraffa, fol. Rom.
[GALLIENUS.] According to Pollio, the insurrec- 1591; the best edition is that contained in the
tion, headed by Ingenuus, broke out in the consul- Epistolae Pontificum Romanorum of Coustant, fol.
ship of Fuscus (leg. Tuscus) and Bassus, that is, Paris, 1721, vol. i. pp. 739-931, reprinted in the
A. D. 258, the year in which Valerian took his de- Bibl. Patrurn of Galland, vol. viii. pp. 545-612,
parture for the East, but, according to Victor, not whose Prolegomena, c. xviii., may be consulted with
until intelligence had been received of the fatal advantage.
result of the war against Sapor, that is, two or In addition to the above thirty-four, Coustant
three years later. (Trebell. Poll. Trig. Tyrann.; notices a considerable number which have been
Victor, de Caes. xxxiii.; Zonar. xii. 24.) [W. R.] lost, investigating at the same time their dates and'
INGUIOME'RUS, brother of Sigimer and the subjects of which they treated; he also points
uncle of Arminius the Cheruscan [ARMINIUS]. out some which are spurious, one, Ad Aurelium
Inguiomerus had been the adherent of Rome, but Episcopum CarthZaginiensem, fabricated by Isidorus
afterwards joined his nephew and his own tribe, Mercator, two Ad Arcadiumn Imperatorerm, and two
and narrowly escaped with his life, when the Che- from Arcadius, Ad Innocentium. [W. R.]
ruscans, owing in great measure to his advice, were INNOCE'NTIUS, a Roman jurist, who lived
in A. D. 16 defeated by the Romans under Ger- in the reign of Constantine the Great, and under
manicus on the plain of Idistavisus, between the his sons Constantius and Constans. Although
Visurgis (Weser) and the neighbouring highlands. jurisprudence as a science was now upon the wane,
In the following year, envy of the fame or. power jurists were privileged by the emperors as late as
of Arminius again detached Inguiomerus from the the reign of Constantius; and, by virtue of such
Cheruscans. At the head of his own clients he privilege, their writings and opinions were invested
deserted to' Maroboduus, king of the Suevians, with a kind of legislative force. The jurist-made
with whom he was defeated by Arminius. (Tac. law of the Romans came into existence under the
Ann. i. 60, ii. 17, 21, 45, 46.) [W. B. D.] form of authoritative exposition or interpretation,
INNOCE'NTIUS was bishop of Rome from and was more directly binding than what Bentham
the commencement of A. D. 402 until his death on calls English judge-made law. It was nearly anathe 12th of March, A. D. 417. He took an active logous to a parliamentary declaration of the exist.
part in the proceedings with regard to.Chrysostom, ing law, inasmuch as the jurist, in the exercise of
whom he steadily supported while the patriarch his vocation, was made the representative of the
was alive, and whose memory he vindicated from emperor, the supreme power. Eunapius (in'it.
insult after death. Against the Novatians he dis- Chrysanthii, p. 186, ed. Commelin) says that Innoplayed the most determined hostility, and one of centius was privileged as a jurist by the emperors
his last acts was the condemnation of Pelagius, a under whom he lived. He is not mentioned in the
sentence which, as appears evident from his epis- Digest, which contains extracts from no jurist of
tles, ought to be regarded rather as a concession to later date than his.
the urgent representations of the Carthaginian In the collection of Agrimensores, there is a treatsynod than as the result of full and heartfelt con- ise, headed " Ex libro xii. Innocentii de literis et
viction. In consequence of the widely-diffused notis juris exponendis," or "Innocentius, V. P.
reputation enjoyed by Innocentius for learning and auctor." The treatise does not profess to be the
prudence, he was constantly consulted upon various original work of a jurist, and is manifestly a cornpoints of doctrine and discipline by ecclesiastics at pilation of much more recent date than the reign of
a distance; and the correspondence in which he Constantine: nor does it at all resemble the rethus became engaged with every part of the Chris- mains of legal stenography that we possess under
tian world was conducted with so much skill, and the name of Valerius Probus and other writers of
the replies were couched so judiciously, in a tone the same class. It relates to the casae which were
of mingled advice, instruction, and authoritative named after the letters of the alphabet, and the
dictation, that the practice of submitting questions casae appears to have been fundi, or portions of
of doubt or difficulty to the head of the Roman see land; but the mode in which letters were connected
became from this time forward general; and to with the fundi, so as to designate their qualities
this epoch we may refer the foundation of those and peculiarities of position, has not been satisclaims to universal spiritual domination so boldly factorily explained; and the treatise De Cusis
asserted, and, to a certain extent, so successfully Literarum is still perhaps the most enigmatical
maintained by Leo and his successors. part of the writings on ancient land-surveying.
The extant works of this prelate consist entirely Rigaltius, in his first note on the treatise, " De
of epistles, thirty-four in number, which are almost Casis Literarum," says that an Innocentius, agriexclusively of an official character, being addressed mensor, is mentioned in the 19th book of Amnrito dignitaries, civil and spiritual, and to religious anus Marcellinus, and quotes a passage, whence it
communities, upon topics connected with the re- would seem that, on some occasion, Innocentius
gulation and welfare of the church. Of these, gave instructions which enabled a party of troops
* twenty-one are preserved in the collection of Di- sailing up a river to steer by observing certain