A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

634 HYGINUS. HYGINUS.
sender of rain. (Hesych. s. v. v'7s.) Under the but which, upon probable grounds, was attributed
name of Hyetius, the god had an altar at Argos, by Blume to Hyginus. It is reprinted by Giraud,
and a statue in the grove of Trophonius, near Le- in his Rei Agrariae Scriptorum Nobiliores Reliquiae,
badeia. (Paus. ii. 19. ~ 7, ix. 39, ~ 3.) Hyes was p. 54. (Paris, 1843.) While the work of Fronalso a surname of Dionysus, or rather of the Phry- tinus on the same subject treats of fifteen Controgian Sabazius, who was identified sometimes with versiae, this treats of six only, namely:-l. de
Dionysus, and sometimes with Zeus. (Hesych. Alluvione, atque Abluvione; 2. de Fine (in which
I. c.; Strab. p. 471.) [L. S.] occurs a passage ignorantly transposed from a difHYE'TIUS. [HYES.] ferent work of Siculus Flaccus); 3. de Loco; 4. de
HYGIEIA ('Tyfera), also called Hygea or Modo; 5. de Jure Subsecivorum; 6. de Jure TerHygia, the goddess of health, and a daughter of ritorii. Under the fifth Controversia, the writer
Asclepius. (Paus. i. 23. ~ 5, 31. ~ 5.) In one of mentions constitutions of Vespasian, Titus, Domithe Orphic hymns (66. 7) she is called the wife tian, and Divus Nerva. This agrees with the
of Asclepius; and Proclus (ad Plat. Tim.) makes inference as to the date of Hyginus Gromaticus,
her a daughter of Eros and Peitho. She was derivable from the fragment de Limilibus Constiusually worshipped in the same temples with her tuendis.
father, as at Argos, where the two divinities had a The difficulties of the subject, and the obscurities
celebrated sanctuary (Paus. ii. 23. ~ 4, iii. 22. ~ of the style, added to the confusion and corruption
9), at Athens (i. 23. ~ 5, 31, ~ 5), at Corinth (ii. of the manuscripts, render these works exceedingly
4. ~ 6), at Gortys (viii. 28. ~ 1), at Sicyon (ii. 11. crabbed. Zeiss, in his essays on the Agrimensores
~ 6), at Oropus (i. 34. ~ 2). At Rome there was in the Zeitschrift fiur Alterthumswissenschaft for
a statue of her in the temple of Concordia (Plin. 1840, discusses the question of their authorship,
H. N. xxxiv. 19). In works of art, of which a and is disposed, principally on account of a passage
considerable number has come down to our time, in the preface to the Astronomicon, to identify
she was represented as a virgin dressed in a long Hyginus Gromaticus with the author of that work
robe, with the expression of mildness and kindness, and the mythographer. It appears to the writer of
and either alone or grouped with her father and this article, that C. Julius Hyginus, the freedman
sisters, and either sitting or standing, and leaning of Augustus, gave origin to the title of most of the
on her father. Her ordinary attribute is a serpent, works passing under the name of Hyginus. The
which she is feeding from a cup. Although she is Augustan author wrote on similar subjects; and it
originally the goddess of physical health, she is is -not unlikely that subsequent text-books were
sometimes conceived as the giver or protectress of called by the name of their prototypes, as we may
mental health, that is, she appears as mens saaa, or designate a spelling-book a MIavor, a book of arithvylteLa (Ppepsv (Aeschyl. Euma. 522), and was thus metic a Cocker, or a jest-book a Joe Miller.
identified with Athena, surnamed Hygieia. (Pans. The work of Hyginus de Castrametatione was
i. 23. ~ 5; comp. Lucian, pro Laps. 5; Hirt. My- frequently cited by Lipsius from manuscript, and
thol. -Bilderb. i. p. 84.) [L. S.] was first published, with other treatises relating to
HYGIE'MON, a very ancient painter of mo- the art of war, by P. Scriverius, 4to. Antwerp, 1607,
nochromes. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 8. s. 34.) [P. S.] and again 1621. There is a subsequent edition by
HYGI'NUS, GROMA'TICUS, so called from R. H. Scheel, under the title, "Hygini Gromatici
his profession. The Gromatici derived their name et Polybii Megalopolitani de Castris Romanis quae
from the gruma or gnomon, an instrument used in extant, cum notis et animadversionibus, quibus
land surveying and castrametation. We possess, accedunt Dissertationes aliquot de re eadem miliunder the name of Hyginus (or Hygenus, according tari a R. H. S." (4to. Amstel. 1660, and Graevii
to the spelling of the manuscripts), fragments con- Thes. Aelt. Rom. vol. x. p. 599.) For references to
nected with both these subjects. detailed information concerning the Agrimensores
In a fragment, de Limiti6us Constituendis, which and their art, see FRONTINUS. [J. T. G.]
is attributed by its title to thefrseedman of ugustus, HYGI'NUS or HI'GINUS, C. JU'LIUS.
the author speaks of a division of lands in Pan- Suetonius, in his lives of illustrious grammarians,
nonia lately undertaken at the command of Trajan. informs us that C. Julius Hyginus was a native of
(Ed. Goes. pp. 150. 209.) Spain, not, as others had less accurately stated, of
In the collections of Agrimensores, severally Alexandria, that he was a pupil and imitator of
edited by Turnebus, Rigaltius, and Goesius, there the celebrated Cornelius Alexander, surnamed Pois also published under the name of Hyginus a lyhistor [ALEXANDER, p. 115], that he was the
fragment De Conditionibus Agrorum (ed. Goes. freedman of Augustus, and that he was placed at
p. 205). This fragment preserves a clause which the head of the Palatine library. We learn from
was usually contained in the lex agraria of a colony the same authority that he lived upon terms of
founded by an emperor. The Fraglmentum Agra- close intimacy with the poet Ovid and with C.
rium de Limitibus (Goes. p. 215), which is attri- Licinius, " the historian and consular," a personage
buted in one manuscript to Hyginus, and in another not mentioned elsewhere, and that having fallen
to Frontinus, is adjudicated by Niebuhr to the into great poverty, he was supported in old age by
latter. the liberality of the latter, but no hint is given of
The commentaries of Aggenus Urbicus, and the the causes which led to this reverse of fortune.
Liber Simplici:(Goes. p. 76), preserve some passages We find numerous references in Pliny, Gellius,
from Frontinus and Hyginus, but it is difficult to Servius, Macrobius, and others, to various works
distinguish the borrowed passages from the addi- by " Hyginus " or "Julius Hyginus," which are
tions of the later compiler. generally supposed to have been the productions of
In the lkeieinischesMuseumf ir Jurisprudenz, vol. the Hyginus who was the freedman of Augustus.
vii. p. 137, Blume published a treatise de Contro- Of these we may notice,versiis Ayrorum, which Rudorff once supposed to be 1. De Urbibus Italicis, or De Si&t Urbium Itachthe work of Siculus Flaccus [FLACCUS, SICULUs], carum, in two books at least. (Macrob. Sat. i. 7