A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

HORAE. HORAPOLLO. 517
colrse, are specified. With regard to the author grance, and graceful freshness-are accordingly
of this work, or of the work of which this may be transferred to the H orae; thus they adorned Aphroan abridgment, nothing whatsoever is known, al- dite as she rose from the sea, made a garland of
though there can be little or no doubt that he is the flowers for Pandora, and even inanimate thinlgs are
JuliZs Orator mentioned by Cassiodorus (Div. Lect. described as deriving peculiar charms from the
c. 25) as a distinguished writer upon these topics, Horae. (Hom. IHynn. viii. 5, &c.; Hes. Op. 65;
and he is one of the many personages to whom the Hygin. Poet. Astr. ii. 5; Theocr. i. 150; Athen.
Itinerary of Antoninus has been ascribed, as well ii. p. 60.) Hence they bear a resemblance to and
as the Cosmography of Aethicus Hister, a compi- are mentioned along with the Charites, and both are
lation in many points identical with the piece frequently confounded or-identified. (Pans. ii. 17.
which we have been describing. [ANTONINUS; ~ 4; Miiller, Orclhom. p. 176, &c. 2nd edit.) As they
AETHICUS.] (See the edition of Pomponius Mela were conceived to promote the prosperity of every
by J. Gronovius, Lug. Bat. 8vo., 1685, and by thing that grows, they appear also as the protecA. Gronovius, Lug. Bat. 8vo., 1722; also the tresses of youth and newly-born gods (Paus. ii. 13.
preface of Wesseling to his edition of the ancient ~ 3; Pind. Pyth. ix. 62; Philostr. Imag. i. 26;
Roman Itineraries, Amst. 4to., 1735.) [W. R.] Nonnus, Dionys. xi. 50); and the Athenian youths,
HOPLADAMOS ('OirhAdayos), one of the on being admitted among the ephebi, mentioned
Gigantes who accompanied and protected Rhea Thallo, among other gods, in the oath they took in
when she was on the point of giving birth to Zeus. the temple of Agraulos. (Pollux, viii. 106.)
(Paus. viii. 32. ~ 4, 36. ~ 2.) [L. S.] In this, as in many other cases of Greek mythoHORAE ('fnpai), originally the personifications logy, a gradual transition is visible, from purely
or goddesses of the order of nature and of the sea- physical to ethical notions, and the influence which
sons, but in later times they were regarded as the the Horae originally had on nature was subsegoddesses of order in general and of justice. In quently transferred to human life in particular.
Homer, who neither mentions their parents nor The first trace of it occurs even in Hesiod, for he
their number, they are the Olympian divinities of describes them as giving to a state good laws, justhe weather and the ministers of Zeus; and in this tice, and peace; he calls them the daughters of Zeus
capacity they guard the doors of Olympus, and and Themis, and gives them the significant names
promote the fertility of the earth, by the various of Eunomia, Dice, and Eirene. (Theog. 901, &c.;
kinds of weather they send down. (Od. xxiv. 343; Apollod. i. 3. ~ 1; Diod. v. 72.) But the ethical
comp. x. 469, xix. 132, 11. v. 749, viii. 393.) As and physical ideas are not always kept apart, and
the weather, generally speaking, is regulated ac- both are often mixedup with each other, as in Pindar.
cording to the seasons, they are further described (01. iv. 2, xiii. 6, Neos. iv. 34; Orph. Hymn. 42.)
as the goddesses of the seasons, i. e. the regular The number of the Horae is different in the differphases under which Nature manifests herself. (Od. ent writers, though the most ancient number seems
ii. 107, x. 469, xi. 294, xix. 152, xxiv. 141.) They to have been two, as at Athens (Paus. iii. 18. ~ 7,
are kind'and-benevolent, bringing to gods and men ix. 35. ~ 1); but afterwards their common number
many things-that are good and desirable. (II. xxi. is three, like that of the Moerae and Charites. Hy450; comp. Hymn. in Apoll. Pyth. 16; Theocrit. ginus (Fab. 183) is in great confusion respecting
xv. 105; Ov. Fast. i. 125.) As, however, Zeus the number and names of the Horae, as he mixes
has the power of gathering and dispersing the up the original names with surnames, and the declouds, they are in reality only his ministers, and signations of separate seasons or hours. In this
sometimes also those of Hera. (Ii. viii. 433; comp. manner he first makes out a list of ten Horae, viz.
Moschns, Idyll. ii. 160; Pans. v. 11. ~ 2.) Men Titanis, Auxo, Eunomia, Pherusa, Carpo, Dice,
in different circumstances regard the course of time Euporia, Eirene, Orthosia, and Thallo, and a second
(or the seasons) either as rapid or as slow, and both of eleven, Auge, Anatole, Musia, Gymnasia, Nymepithets are accordingly applied to the. Horae. phes, Mesembria, Sponde, Telete, Acme, Cypridos,
(Theocr. xv. 104; Pind. Nero. iv. 34; Horat. Dysis. The Horae (Thallo and Carpo) were worC(arm. iv. 7. 8; Ov. dAet. ii. 118.) The course shipped at Athens, and their temple there also
of the seasons (or hours) is symbolically described contained an altar of Dionysus Orthus (Athen. ii.
by the dance of the Horae; and, in conjunction p. 38; comp. xiv. p. 656; Hesych. s. v. cdpata); they
with the Charites, Hebe, Harmonia, and Aphro- were likewise worshipped at Argos (Paus. ii. 20.
dite, they accompany the songs of the Muses, and ~ 4), Corinth, and Olympia (v. 15. ~ 3). In works of
Apollo's play on the lyre, with their dancing. art the H orae were represented as bloonming maidens,
(Horn. Hymn. in Apoll. Pyth. 16, &c.; Pind. 01. carrying the different products of the seasons. (Hirt.
iv. 2; Xen. Synmpos. 7.) The Homeric notions Mlytlol. Bilderb. ii. p. 122.) [L. S.]
continued to be entertained for a long time after- HORAPOLLO ('lparoAhhwav) was, according to
wards, the Horae being considered as the givers of Suidas (s. v.), a very distinguished Greek gramthe various seasons of the year, especially of spring marian of Phaenebythis in Egypt, who first taught
and autumn, i. e. of Nature in her bloom and ma- at Alexandria, and afterwards at Constantinople,
turity. At Athens two Horae, Thallo (the Hora in the reign of the emperor Theodosius. He is
of spring) and Carpo (the Hora of autumn), were further said to have written commentaries on Soworshipped from very early times. (Paus. ix. 35. phocles, Alcaeus, and Homer, and a separate work,
~ 1; comp. Athen. xiv. p. 636; Ov. filet. ii. 118, entitled TeslvuccIt, i. e. on reprE77, or places sacred
&c.; Val. Flacc. iv. 92; Lucian, Dial. Deor. x. 1.) to the gods. (Comp. Steph. Byz. s. v. Q,'bev~8ers.)
The Hora of spring accompanies Persephone every Photius (Bibl. Cod. 279, p. 536, ed. Bekker) speaks
year on her ascent from the lower world; and the of him as a grammarian, and the author of a work,
expression of "The chamber of the Horae opens " lI16? m-nv 7raTpfcsw'A enSavpSefas, though this may
is equivalent to " The spring is coming." (Orph. have been the work of another Horapollo, who was
H/ymn. xlii. 7; Pind. Fragnz. xlv. 13, p. 576, ed. likewise an Egyptian, but lived under the emperor
~Boeckh.) The attributes of spring-flowers, fra- Zeno. Under the name of Horapollo (or, as some
LL 3