A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

452 HTERIUS. HIEROCLES.
kingdom of heaven of such as die before they have 2. A son of Plutarch of Athens, and a disciple
become moral agents, inasmuch as they can have of Proclus, the New Platonist. (Comp. PLUdone nothing to obtain admission, " quia non sunt TARCHUS of Athens.) [L. S.]
illis," as Augustin expresses it, " ulla merita certa- HIEROCLES ('IEpoKANs), historical. 1. The faminis quo vitia superantur." He held that the Son ther of Hieron II., king of Syracuse. [HIERON II.]
was truly begotten of the Father, and that the 2. A Carian leader of mercenaries, which formed
Holy Ghost was from the Father; but added that part of the garrison in the forts of Athens, under
Melchizedek was the Holy Ghost. Hierax became Demetrius Poliorcetes. He discovered to his comthe founder of a sect called the Hieracitae ('Iepac7- manding officer, Heracleides, some overtures which
Tat), into which, consistently enough, none but had been made to him by the Athenians to induce
unmarried persons (conjugia non habentes) were him to betray into their hands the fortress of the
admitted. Those who were regarded as his most Museum, and thus caused the complete destruction
thorough disciples abstained from animal food. of the Athenian force that attempted to surprise it.
The author of thework Kaea 7raccv wapv apkewov, (Polyaen. v. 17, ~ 1.) He is probably the same
Contra omnes Haereses, usually printed among the whom we find at a subsequent period (as early as
works of Athanasius, says (c. 9) that they rejected B. C. 278), holding the command of the Peiraeeus
the Old Testament; but this must be understood and Munychia for Antigonus Gonatas. His relato mean that they rejected it as a perfect rule of tions with the philosopher Arcesilaus appear to
life, deeming it abrogated by the higher moral indicate that he was a man of cultivated mind.
standard of Christianity. John of Damascus says (Diog. Laert. ii. 127, iv. 39; Droysen, Hellenism.
they used the Old as well as the New Testament. vol. ii. pp. 84, 206.)
John of Carpathus charges them with denying the 3. A native of Agrigentum, who, after the dehuman nature of Christ, and with holding that feat of Antiochus III. at Thermopylae (B. c. 191),
God, matter, and evil, are three original principles. surrendered the island of Zacynthus, with the
But Epiphanius does not enumerate these among command of which he had been entrusted by
their errors. Amynander, to the Achaeans. (Liv. xxxvi. 32.)
The works of Hierax were numerous; he wrote 4. A Carian slave, afterwards a charioteer, in
both in the Greek and Egyptian (i. e. Coptic) lan- which capacity he attracted the attention of the
guages: besides his Expositions of the Scriptures, or emperor Elagabalus: he quickly rose to a high place
more probably as a part of them, he wrote on the in the favour of that prince, and became one of
Hexa'meron, introducing, says Epiphanius, many the chief ministers of his infamous debaucheries,
fables and allegories. He wrote also many psalms by which means he obtained so firm a hold over
or sacred songs, *aA oges re wroAAols vewrepItcovSs. him, that he continued to the last to be the chief
His works are now known only by the few brief dispenser of the favours and patronage of the emcitations of Epiphanius. peror. He was put to death by the soldiery in
Lardner has shown the impropriety of classing a sedition, shortly before the death of Elagabalus
Hierax and his followers with the Manichaeans, himself, A. D. 222. (Dion Cass. lxxix. 15, 19;
from whom the earlier writers expressly distinguish Lamprid. Etagab. 6, 15.) [E. H. B.]
them; but with whom Photius and Peter of Sicily, HIEROCLES ('IepoKAs), literary. 1. A Greek
and, among moderns, Fabricius and Beausobre con- rhetorician of Alabanda in Caria, who, like his
found them. Some have attempted, but without brother Menecles, was distinguished by that kind of
just ground, to distinguish between Hierax, the oratory which was designated by the name of the
reputed Manichaean, and Hieracas, founder of the Asiatic, in contrast with Attic oratory. His brother
Hieracites. (Epiphan. Panariumn Haeres. 67; was the teacher of the famous Molo of Rhodes,
Augustin, De Ilaeres. c. 47; Anonymi Praedes- the teacher of Cicero, so that Hierocles must have
tinatus, lib. i. c. 4, apud Galland. Bibl. Patr. vol. lived about B.C. 100. We do not hear that he
x. p. 370; Athanas. Opera, vol. ii. p. 235, ed. wrote any rhetorical works, but his orations appear
Benedictin; Joan. Damasc. De Haeres. c. 67; to have been extant in the time of Cicero. (Brut.
Opera, vol. i. p. 91, ed. Lequien; Cave, Hist. Litt. 95, Orat. 69, de Orat. ii. 23; Strab. xiv. p. 661.)
vol. i. p. 161, ed. Oxford, 1740-1743; Beausobre, 2. The author of a work entitled,,Aor-opes,
Hist. dz P/lanichelisme, liv. ii. ch. 7. ~ 2, vol. i. p. or the friends of history, which is referred to
430, &c.; Fabric. Bibl. Gr. vol. vii. p. 321, vol. ix. p. several times, and seems to have chiefly contained
246; Lardner, Credibility, part ii. bk. i. c. 63. ~ marvellous stories about men and animals. (Steph.
7; Tillemont, Mem. vol. iv. p. 411, &c.) [J. C. M.] Byz. s. vv. Bpax/iaves, Tapicvva; Tzetz. C7il. vii.
HIERA/MENES ('Iepaueivqs), is named with 146, 716, &c.) The time at which he lived is
Tissaphernes and the sons of Pharnaces, as contract- uncertain, though he belongs, in all probability, to
ing parties to the third treaty between Sparta and a later date than Hierocles of Alabanda.
Persia, and must therefore have been at that time 3. Of Hyllarima in Caria, is mentioned by
(B. c. 412) an important person in Asia Minor. Stephanus Byzantius (s. v.'TAAdpiuga), and from
(Thuc. viii. 58.) He is probably the same who is an athlete turned philosopher. Whether he is the
said to have married a sister of Dareius, and whose same as the Stoic who is spoken of by Gellius (ix.
sons, Autoboesaces and Mitracus, were killed by 5), cannot be decided. Vossius (de Hist. Graec.
Cyrus the Younger, for having failed to show to p. 453, &c., ed. Westermann) conjectures that he is
him a mark of respect usually paid to the king the same as Hierocles the author of a work entitled
only. The complaint of the parents to Dareius Oeconomicus, from which some extracts are preserved
was in part the reason of the recall of Cyrus, in Stobaeus (Flor. lxxxiv. 20, 23, lxxxv. 21, lxxix.
B.C. 406. (Xen. Hell. ii. 1. ~ 9.) [A. H. C.] 53, xxxix. 34-36, lxvii. 21-24), and that he also
HIE'RIUS ('Ieptos). 1. A rhetorician of was the author of a work on justice (Stob. viii.
Athens, who is mentioned by St. Augustin (Con- 19), though the name is there perhaps a mistake for
fess. iv. 14), and Suidas (s. v. HIamiprp~brios), but is Hierax. (Comp. v. 60, ix. 56-59, x. 77, 78,
otherwise unknown. xciii. 39.) There is also a Hierocles, of whom