A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

382 HEPHAESTION. HIEPHAESTION.
lasting state of peace with Phrorilas, the brother childhood, as Wve find no mention of him' among
and successor of Joannicus. He also made a truce those who shared with Alexander the instruction
with Theodore Lascaris, who was hard pressed by and society of Aristotle. Nor does the name of
David, the gallant brother and general of Alexis I., Hephaestion occur amidst the intrigues and disthe new emperor of Trebizond. In 1214, Theo- sensions between Alexander and his father, which
dore Lascaris formed a most advantageous peace agitated the close of the reign of Philip. The first
with Alexis, and now suddenly invaded Bithynia, occasion on which he is mentioned is that of Alexsurprised the troops of Henry which were sta- ander's visit to Troy, when Hephaestion is said to
tioned there, and conquered them in a pitched have paid the same honours to the tomb of Patrobattle. To avenge this defeat, Henry crossed the clus that were bestowed by the king himself on
Bosporus with a chosen army, and laid siege to that of Achilles,-an apt type of the relation
Pemanene. The town surrendered after all obsti- subsisting between the two. (Arr. Aneab. i. 12.
nate resistance, which so roused the resentment of ~ 2; Ael. V. H. xii. 6.) For it is equally to the
Henry, that he ordered the three principal officers credit of Hephaestion and Alexander, that though
of the garrison to be put to death, viz. Dermocaitus, the former undoubtedly owed his elevation to the
Andronicus Palaeologus, the brother-in-law of personal favour and affection of the king, rather
Theodore Lascaris, and a brother of Theodore Las- than to any abilities or achievements of his aw;,
carls, whose name is not mentioned, but who was he never allowed himself to degenerate into thur
undoubtedly the brave Constantine Lascaris, who position of a flatterer or mere favourite, and the indefended Constantinople with so much gallantry tercourse between the two appears to have been
against the Latins in 1204. The issue of the uniformly characterised by the frankness and sillcampaign, however, was not very favourable to cerity of a true friendship. It is unnecessary to do
Henry, for he obtained peace only on condition of more than allude to such well-known anecdotes as
ceding to his rival all the territories situate east of the visit paid by the king and Hephaestion to the
a line drawn from Sardis to Nicaea, and to leave tent of Dareius after the battle of Issus, or the deliTheodore Lascaris in possession of those which he cate reproof conveyed by Alexander to his friend
had conquered west of that line in Bithynia pre- when he found him reading over his shoulder a
vious to the truce mentioned above. In 1215 the letter from Olympias. If we can trust the exfourth Lateran council was assembled by pope In- pression of Plutarch, on the latter occasion, that it
nocent III., and a kind of mock union was formed was no more than he was accustomed to do (&'/ia roV
between the Roman and Greek churches within'Hcpali-lwvos, cgfrep el'Oeis, vvvvaaytl6-iKcovTos),
the narrow dominions of Henry. Gervasius was there cannot well be a stronger proof of the complete
made patriarch of Constantinople, and recognised familiarity subsisting between them. (Arr. Anab.
by both Henry and the pope, who besides declared ii. 12; Curt. iii. 12; Diod. xvii. 37; Plut. Alex.
Constantinople the first see of Christendom after 39, Apoptlz. p. 180, d., De fort. Ale*. Or. i. 11.)
Rome.' In the following year (1216), Henry set But it appears that Alexander's attachment to
out to wage war with his former friend Theodore, Hephaestion neverblinded him to the fact that his
despot of Epeirus and Aetolia, but died suddenly, friend was not possessed of abilities that qualified
before any hostilities of consequence had taken him to take the sole command of important enterplace. It is said that he died by poison, and both prises, and that he would not in fact have attained
the Greeks and the Latins are charged with the to eminence by his own exertions alone. On one
murder; but the fact is doubtful. Henry left no occasion, indeed, he is said to have expressed this
male issue, and was succeeded by Peter of Courte- truth in the strongest manner, when finding his
nay. favourite engaged in an open quarrel with Csaterus,
In spite of the perpetual wars into which he was he exclaimed that Hephaestion must be mad if he
driven by circumstances, and which he carried on were not aware that without Alexander he would
with insufficient means, Henry found time to ame- be nothing. Throughout his life he appears to have
liorate the condition of his subjects by several wise retained a just sense of their different merits; and
laws and a careful and impartial administration. while he loved Hephaestion the most, he yet reTowards the Greeks he showed great impartiality, garded Craterus with the greater reverence: the
admitting them to the highest offices of the state, one, he often observed, -was his own private friend
and never giving any preference to his own country- (peah4avp3pos), the other that of the king (pihAomen or other foreigners; and there are many pas- earhevs). (Plut. Alex. 47.)
sages in the Greek writers which prove that the During the first years of Alexander's expedition
Greeks really loved him. To make a nation forget in Asia we scarcely find any mention of Hephaesa foreign yoke is, however, no easy task, and no tion as employed in any military capacity. Curtius,
ruler has ever succeeded in it but by displaying in indeed, tells us (iv. 5. ~ 10) that he was appointed
equal proportions valour, energy, prudence, wis- to command the fleet which accompanied the army
dom, and humanity. For these qualities great of Alexander along the coast of Phoenicia, in B. c.
praise has been bestowed upon Henry, and he 332, but this was at a time when there was little
well deserved it. (Gregoras, lib. i. ii.;. Nicetas, p. fear of hostility. In the following year, however,
410, &c., ed. Paris; Acropolita, c. 6, &c.; Ville- he served with distinction at the battle of Arbela,.
hardouin, De la Conqueste de Conslantinoble; ed. where he was wounded in the arm. (Arr. Anab.
Paulin Paris, Paris, 1838.) W [W. P.] iii. 15; Curt. iv. 16. ~ 32; Diod. xvii. 61.) On
HEPHAE'STION ('HaprTovwT,), son of Amyn- this occasion he is called by Diodorus the chief of
tor, a Macedonian of Pella, celebrated as the com- the body-guards. We have no account of the time
panion and friend of Alexander the Great. We when he obtained this important post, but it is cerare told that he was of the same age with the tain that he was one of the seven select officers
great conqueror himself, and that he had been who, under the title of body-guards (orw!cuaropvibrought up with him (Curt. iii. 12)'; but the latter Aaces), were in close attendance upon the king's
statement apparently refers only to the period of person. (Arr. Anab. vi. 28. ~ 6.) Afterthe death