A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

28 EPHRAEM. EPHRAEM.
decrees, reproaches Ephraimius on this occasion, and 6. EPHRAEMUS of EDESSA, commonly called
with justice, as more solicitous for the preservation the Syrian. [See below.]
of his office than for the interests of what he 7. EPHREM, bishop of MYLASA in Caria [see
deemed divine and important truth. Ephraimius Nos. 1 and 3]. The time when he lived is uncerdied soon after this transaction, A. D. 546, or per- tain; but religious honours were paid to his mehaps 545, after a patriarchate, according to Theo- mory in the fifth century at Leuce (near
phanes, of eighteen years, or, according to other Mylasa), where -his body was buried. (Acta Saneccalculations, of twenty years. tor1m, S. Eusebiae Vita, cap. 3, Januar. vol. ii.
The works of Ephraimius are known to us only p. 600.). [J. C. M.]
by the account of them preserved in the Biblio- EPHRAEM or EPHRAIM, a Syrian, born at
theca of Photius, who says that three volumes Nisibis, flourished A. D. 370. He spent his youth
written in defence of the dogmas of the Church, in diligent study, and devoted himself at first to
and especially of the decrees of the Council of a monastic life, but afterwards went to Edessa,
Chalcedon, had come down to his day: but he where he was ordained deacon. He refused to
gives an account only of two. The first compre- proceed to the higher orders of the ministry, and is
hended, 1. An epistle to Zenobius, a scholasticus or even said to have played the part of Brutus, by
advocate of Emesa, and one of the sect of the Ace- feigning madness in order to avoid elevation to the
phali; 2. Some epistles to the emperor Justinian; bishopric. He formed a close friendship with
3. Epistles to Anthimus, bishop of Trapezus, Do- Basil, bishop of Caesareia, and shared his acrimony
metianus Syncleticus, metropolitan of Tarsus, Brazes against the Arians and other heretics, whom he
the Persian, and others; 4. An act of a synod (avvo- attacks with the violence characteristic of his age.
8Kli) rpatsr) held by Ephraimius respecting certain He appeared in a truly Christian light at the time
unorthodox books; and, 5, Panegyrical and other of a famine at Edessa, when he not only assisted
discourses. The second volume contained a trea- the suffering poor with the greatest energy andtise in four books, in which were defences of Cyril most zealous kindness, but also actively exerted
of Alexandria and the synod of Chalcedon against himself in urging the rich to deny themselves for
the Nestorians and Eutychians; and answers to their brethren's good. Sozomen (iii. 15) speaks
some theological questions of his correspondent the with admiration of the manner in which Chrisadvocate Anatolius. (Phot. Bibl. Codd. 228, 229; tianity had subdued in him a naturally irascible
Facundus, iv. 4; Evagrius, Eccles. Hist. iv. 5, 6; temper, and illustrates it by a pleasing anecdote,
Joannes Moschus (commonly cited as Sophronius) amusing from its quaint simplicity. At the conPratum Spirituale, c. 36, 37 in Biblioth. Patrum, clusion of a long fast, Ephraem's servant let fall
vol. xiii. ed. Paris, 1654; Theophanes, Chrono- the dish in which he was bringing him some food.
graph. ad Ann. 519 (Alex. Era=526 Common His alarm at having thus spoiled his master's dinner
Era) and table ad Ann. 537, 538; Baronius, An- was removed by hearing him say, " Never mind,
ngles; Cave, Hist. Liter. vol.i. p. 507, ed. 1740-3; since the food has not come to us, we will go to
Fabric. Bibl. Gr'aec. vol. x. p. 750.) it." Whereupon Ephraem sat down on the floor
3. EPHREM, or rather EPHRAEM ('Ecppar1j), and ate the scraps left in the fragments of the
of CARIA, a monk of unknown date, writer of a broken dish. He died about A. D. 378, and in
Greek hymn or prayer given by Raynaeus (Dissert. his last illness forbad the recitation of any funeral
Prelim. de Acoluthiis Oi.cii Graeci, p. 1xviii. in oration over his remains, and desired that his
the Acta Sanctorum Junii, vol. ii.) This Ephrem obsequies should be conducted in the simplest
is not to be confounded with Nos. 1 and 7. manner. He knew no language but his native
4. EPHRAIM ('Eippallz), bishop of Cherson. In Syrian, though nearly all his works are translated
the title of his only published work he is called into Greek, and were formerly held in such high
archbishop, and some moderns style him " martyr." esteem, that portions of them were sometimes read
He is the author of an account of a miracle in churches after the gospel for the day. Most of
wrought by the relics or the interposition of Cle- his writings were collected by Gerard Voss, who
ment of Rome, on the body of a child, who had turned them into Latin, and published them (1) at
been overwhelmed by the sea in a pilgrimage to Rome A. D. 1589-93-97, (2) at Cologne in 1603,
Clement's submarine tomb. The account is print- (3) at Antwerp in 1619. Voss's edition is in
ed in the Patres Apostolici of Cotelerius (vol. i. three volumes. The first consists of variouiis treatises,
p.: 815. ed. Amsterdam, 1724,) and in the De partly on subjects solely theological, as the PriestProbatis Sanctorum Vitis, of Surius, 29 Nov. An- hood, Prayer, Fasting, &c., with others partly
other piece of Ephraim on the Miracles of St. theological and partly moral; as Truth, Anger,
Clement, evidently different from the foregoing, is Obedience, Envy. The second contains many
noticed by Leo Allatius, who calls the writer Eph- epistles and addresses to monks, and a collection
raemius; but Cotelerius was not able to obtain it, of apophthegms. The third consists of several
or he would have printed it with the foregoing. treatises or homilies on parts of Scripture and
(Cotelerius, I.c.; Allatius, De Symeonum Scriptis, characters in the Old Testament, as Elijah, Daniel,
pp. 90,96; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. p. 21, viii. the Three Children, Joseph, Noah. Photius gives
254; Catal. MSS. Biblioth. Regiae. Paris, 1740.) a list of 49 homilies of Ephraem (Cod. 196), but
5. EPHRAEM of CONSTANTINOPLE, a chrono- which of these are included in -Voss's edition it isimgrapher who flourished apparently about the be- possible to ascertain, though it is certain that many
ginning of the fourteenth century. His chronicle, are not. Another edition of Ephraem's works in
written in Iambic verse, is repeatedly cited by Syriac, Greek, and Latin, was published also at
Allatius (De Psellis, p. 22, Diatriba de Georgiis, Rome with notes, prefaces, and various readings,
pp. 327, 341, 354, &c., ed. Paris. 1651), and is'" studio Sim. Assemanni, P. Benedicti et Steph.
probably extant in the Vatican Library in MS. but Evodii Assemanni," 6 vols. fol. 1732-46. The
has never been published. (Fabric. Bibl. Graec. Greek version of several of his writings, from
yol. vii. p. 472, viii. 79, 254.) eighteen MSS. in the Bodleian library, was pub