A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

HASDRUBA L. HASDRUBAL. 359
him as one of the envoys (all men of the highest and suffered severely in his retreat. (Appian, Pun.
rank at Carthage) deputed to Rome to'fixthe terms 74, 80, 93, 94, 97, 102-104; Liv. Epit. xlix.)
of the final treaty of peace on that occasion, and A second attempt on the part of Manilius having
attributes the success of the negotiation in great proved equally unsuccessful, Hasdrubal became so
measure to his personal influence and ability. (Liv. elated that he aspired to the sole command, and
xxx. 42)., On his return to Carthage he is again procured the deposition of the other Hasdrubal, the
mentioned as taking part against Hannibal in the grandson of Masinissa [No. 14], who had hitherto
discussions concerning the peace. (Id. ib. 44.) held the command within the city (Id. 108, 111).
13. General of the Carthaginians in their last On the arrival of Scipio (B. c. 147) to carry on the
fatal struggle with Rome, known by the name of war, which had been so much mismanaged by his
the Third Punic War. He is first mentioned at predecessors, Hasdrubal advanced close to the
the time of the breaking out of the war with Ma- walls of Carthage, and encamped within five
sinissa, which immediately preceded that with stadia of the city, immediately opposite to the
Rome, B. c. 150. Hasdrubal at this time held the camp of the Roman general. But notwithstanding
office called by Appian boetharch ($o7OapXos), this proximity, he did -not prevent Scipio from surthe nature of which is very uncertain; but when prising by a night attack the quarter of the city
Masinissa, after the insult offered to his two sons, called Megara. By way of revenging himself for
Gulussa and Micipsa, whom he had sent to Car- this disaster, Hasdrubal, who had now withdrawn
thage as ambassadors, commenced open hostilities his forces within the walls of Carthage, put to
by the siege of Oroscopa, Hasdrubal was sent death all the Roman prisoners, having previously
against him at the head of 25,000 foot and 400 mutilated them in the most horrible manner, and
horse, which forces were quickly increased by the in this state exposed them on the walls to the eyes
accession of 6000 Numidian cavalry, who deserted of their countrymen. By this act of wanton barfrom Masinissa. With this force he did not hesi- barity he alienated the minds of many of his
tate to give battle to the Numidian king: the fellow-citizens at the same time that he exasperated
action which ensued was fiercely contested from the enemy; and the clamour was loud against him
morning till night, without any decisive advantage in the-senate of Carthage. But he now found himon either side; negotiations were then commenced self in the uncontrolled direction of the military
by the intervention of Scipio, who was accidentally force within the city, a position of which he
present; but these proved abortive, and Masinissa availed himself to establish a despotic authority:
afterwards succeeded in shutting up Hasdrubal in he. put to death many of the senators who were
such a position that he was able to cut off his sup- opposed to him, and assumed the garb and manners
plies, and finally compelled him by famine to capi- of royalty. When Scipio had at length succeeded
tulate. By the terms of the treaty, the Cartha- in completely investing the city, and famine began
ginians were allowed to depart in safety, leaving to make itself felt within the walls, Hasdrubal
their arms and baggage; but these conditions were carefully reserved the supplies which from time to
shamefully violated: the Numidians attacked them time were introduced, and distributed them only
on their march in this defenceless state, and cut to among his soldiers and those of the citizens on
pieces by far the greater part of them; very few whom he mainly relied for the defence. At the
made their escape, together with Hasdrubal, to same time he opened negotiations with Scipio,
Carthage. (Appian, Pun. 70-73.) After this through the medium of Gulussa; but that general
disaster, the Carthaginians, apprehensive of the having offered him terms only for himself with his
danger that threatened them from Rome, sought to family and a few friends, he refused to purchase
avert it by casting the responsibility of the late his personal safety by the abandonment of his
events upon individuals, and accordingly passed sen- country. Meanwhile the siege of Carthage was
tence of banishment on Hasdrubal, together with all more and more closely pressed, and in the spring
the other leaders in the war against Masinissa. He of 146 Hasdrubal saw himself compelled to abanthereupon took refuge among the neighbouring don the defence of the port and other quarters of
Africans, and soon collected around his standard the city, and collect all his forces into the citadel
an army of 20,000 men, with which he awaited called Byrsa. Against this Scipio now concentrathe issue of events. The. Carthaginians found, ted all his attacks; the' ground Was contested foot
when too late, that all concessions were unavailing by foot, but the Romans renewed their assaults
to conciliate their inexorable enemies; and while without ceasing, both by night and day, and grathey prepared for a desperate resistance within the dually advanced by burning and demolishing the
city, they hastened to recal the sentence of Has- houses along all the streets which led to the citadel.
drubal, and appointed him to the chief command At length the mass of the inhabitants submitted to
without the walls, B. C. 149. His own army gave Scipio, and were received as prisoners; the Roman
him the complete command of the open country, deserters alone, with a few others who despaired
and enabled him to secure abundant supplies to the of pardon, took refuge in the sacred precincts of the
city, while the Romans with difficulty drew their temple of Aesculapius, and still held out with the
provisions from a few detached towns on the coast. fury of desperation. Hasdrubal at first fled -thither
Hovering in the neighbourhood. of Carthage, with- with his wife and children; but afterwards made
out approaching close to the enemy, Hasdrubal his escape secretly to Scipio, who spared his life.
prevented them from regularly investing the city, It is said that'his wife, after upbraiding him with
and, by means of his light cavalry, harassed and his weakness, threw herself and her children into
impeded all their movements. At length the Ro- the flames of the burning temple. Scipio'carried
man consul, Manilius, was induced to undertake him prisoner to Rome, where, after adorning the
an expedition against Nepheris, a stronghold in the triumph of his conqueror, he spent the rest of his
interior, where Hasdrubal had established his head- life in an honourable captivity in some one of the
quarters; but far from succeeding in dislodging provincial townsof Italy. (Appian, Pun. 114, 118,
him from thence, he was repulsed with heavy loss, 120, 126-131; Polyb. Exe. xxxix.; Zollar. ix.
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