A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

HARPAGUS. HARPALUS. 5 i
wife of Ariston. She wore it for a time, but at scene represented upon one of the sides of a sarlast her youngest son was seized with madness, cophagus in ancient Xanthus, which was disand set fire to the house, in which she perished covered by Mr. Fellows, and is now deposited in
with all her treasures. (Athen. vi. p. 232; Parthen. the British Museum, is supposed to represent the
Erot. 25.) [L. S.] taking of Xanthus by Harpagus, whose name is
HARMO'NIA, daughter of Gelon, the son of also said to occur in an inscription in the Lyciall
Hieron II., king of Syracuse. She was married to language. (Fellows, Lycia, p. 276, 1841.) We
a Syracusan named Themistus, who, after the death hear nothing more of Harpagus after the conquest
of Hieronymus (B. C. 215) was elected one of the of Asia Minor. (Herod. i. 162-177.) Diodorus
captains-general of the republic; but these being (ix. 35; Excerpt. Vat. pp. 27-29) relates a story
soon overthrown by a fresh revolution, in which about the answer of Harpagus to an embassy of the
Themistus perished, a decree was passed condemn- Asiatic Greeks to Cyrus, which is identical in
ing to death all surviving members of the family of substance (though the parable is different) with
Hieron; and, in pursuance of this barbarous reso- the story which Herodotus tells of the reply of
lution, Harmonia was immediately put to death, Cyrus to the same embassy. (i. 141; CYRUs,
together with Demarata and Heraclea, the daugh- p. 921, b.)
ters of Hieron. (Liv. xxiv. 24, 25; Val. Max. iii. 2. A Persian general, under Dareius I., took
2. ext. ~ 9.) [E. H. B.] Histiaeus prisoner. (Herod. i. 28-30; HISTIHA'RPAGUS ("Aparayos). 1. A noble Me- AEus.) [P. S.]
dian, whose preservation of the infant Cyrus, with HA'RPALUS ("Ap7raAos). 1. A Macedonian,
the events consequent upon it, are related under son of Machatas, who belonged to the family of the
CYRus. He became one of the generals of Cyrus, princes of Elymiotis, and nephew of Philip, king of
and suggested the stratagem of opposing camels to Macedon, the latter having married Phila, a sister
the Lydian cavalry. (Herod. i. 80.) He succeeded of Machatas. Notwithstanding this connection,
MAZACES in the work of reducing the Greek cities the house of the Elymiot princes seems to have
of Asia Minor; and he employed against them the been always unfavourably disposed towards Philip,
ancient oriental mode of attack, which seems to who had in fact deprived them of their hereditary
have beer new to the Greeks, of casting up a dominions; and though we find Harpalus residing
mound against the city. He first attacked Pho- at the court of the Macedonian king, and even on
caea, demanding of its inhabitants the demolition one occasion employed by him on a mission of some
of only one bulwark, and the dedication of a single importance, it appears that he did not enjoy much
house, in token of submission. The Phocaeans of his confidence. (Dem. c. Aristocr. p. 669; Plut.
demanded a day to deliberate; and Harpagus, per- Apophth. p. 681, ed. Reiske.) It is perhaps to this
ceiving their design, drew off his army. Mean- cause that we are to attribute his close attachment
while, the Phocaeans took to their ships in a body, to Alexander, and his participation in the intrigues
with all their movable property, and left the city, for the- marriage of that prince with the daughter
which Harpagus garrisoned. Before, however, the of Pixodarus, a scheme which gave so much offence
Phocaeans quitted the Aegean, on their voyage to to Philip, that all those who were thought to have
Corsica, they returned to their city, and massacred taken part in it were banished from Macedonia,
the Persian garrison. The Teians were next as- Harpalus among the rest. But this temporary
saulted; and they too, as soon as Harpagus had disgrace was productive, both to him and his com.
raised his mound high enough to master their wall, panions in exile, of the greatest subsequent advandeserted their city. The other Ionian cities were tages, for immediately on the death of Philip,
reduced after a brave struggle; but none of their Alexander not only recalled those who had suffered
inhabitants proceeded to the same extremity as on his account, but promoted them to important
those of Phocaea and Teos: they stayed at home and confidential offices. Harpalus, being unfitted
under the Persian yoke. After the conquest of by his constitution of body for services in war, was
the cities on the continent, the Ionians of the appointed to the superintendence of the treasury,
islands submitted to Cyrus of their own accord. and in this capacity accompanied Alexander to
The subjugated Ionians and Aeolians contributed Asia. But he proved unfaithful to his trust, and
to swell the army of Harpagus, who now proceeded shortly before the battle of Issus was induced
against the Carians, the Cannians, and the Lycians, (probably by the consciousness of peculation and
and the Dorian cities on the coast of Caria. Of the fear of punishment) to take to flight. He
the Carians, the strong city of Pedasus alone offered made his escape to Greece, and was lingering at
any resistance. The Lacedaemonian colony of Megara, when he received letters from Alexander
Cnidos had commenced preparations for defence intreating his return, and promising entire forgivewhile Harpagus was still engaged in Ionia, by ness for the past. He, in consequence, rejoined
digging through the isthmus which joined their the king at Tyre on his return from Egypt (s. c.
territory to the mainland; but they had desisted 331), and not only obtained the promised pardon,
at the command of a Delphic oracle, which told but was reinstated in his former important situathem that, if it had been the will of Zeus, their tion. (Plut. Alex. 10; Arrian, Anab. iii. 6.)
isthmus would have been an island by nature. When Alexander, after the conquest of Persia and
They, quietly surrendered to Harpagus. Media, determined to push on into the interior of
The Lycians showed far more spirit. The people Asia, in pursuit of Dareius, he left Harpalus at
of Xanthus gave battle to Harpagus before their Ecbatana, with 6000 Macedonian troops, in charge
city; and when they had been defeated by his of the royal treasures. From thence he appears to
superior numbers, and were beaten back into the have removed to Babylon, and to have held the
city, they collected all their property, with their important satrapy of that province as well as the
wives, children, and servants, into the citadel, administration of the treasury. (Arrian, Anab.
which they then burnt, while they themselves sal- iii. 19. ~ 13; Plut. Alex. 35; Diod. xvii. 108.)
lied out, and fell fighting to a man. *The battle- It-was here that, during the absence of Alexander