A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

EPHIALTES. EPHIPPUS. 25:the act of throwing down the Trojai. wall, above concled; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. iii. pp. 23, 24;
which rose the head of the wooden ho.rse. (Paus. Diet. of Ant. s. v. Areiopayus; and the authors
x. 26. ~ 1. [L. S.] mentioned by C. F. Hermann, Pol. Ant. ~ 109,
EPE'RATUS ('Esrparos), of Pharae in Achaia, note 6.) The services of Ephialtes to the deinowas elected general of the Achaeans in B. c. 219, cratic cause excited the rancorous enmity of some
by the intrigues of Apelles, the adviser of Philip of the oligarchs, and led to his assassination during
V. of Macedonia, in opposition to Timoxenus, who the night, probably in B. c. 456. It appears that
was supported by Aratus. Eperatus was held in the time of Antiphon (see de Caed. Her. p. 137)
universally in low estimation, and was in fact the murderers had not been discovered; but we
totally unfit for his office, on which he entered in learn, on the authority of Aristotle (ap. Plut. PeB. C. 218, so that, when his year had expired, he ricl. 10), that the deed was perpetrated by one
left numerous difficulties to Aratus, who succeeded Aristodicus of Tanagra. The character of Ephihim. (Polyb. iv. 82, v. 1, 5, 30, 91; Plut. Arat. altes, as given by ancient writers, is a high and
48.) [E. E.] honourable one, insomuch that he is even classed
E'PHESUS ("'pe~os), a son of the river-god with Aristeides for his inflexible integrity. HeraCaystrus, who was said, conjointly with Cresus, to cleides Ponticus tells us that he was in the habit of
have built the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and throwing open his grounds to the people, and givto have called the town after himself. (Paus. vii. ing entertainments to large numbers' of them,-a
2. ~ 4.) [L. S.] statement which seems inconsistent with Aelian's
EPHIALTES ('E3pdAv7rs), one of the giants, account, possibly more rhetorical than true, of his
who in the war against the gods was deprived of poverty. (Plut. Cim. 10, Dens. 14; Ael. V. H. ii.
his left eye by Apollo, and of the right by Hera- 43, xi. 9, xiii. 39; Val. Max. iii. 8. Ext. 4; Hecles. (Apollod. i. 6. ~ 2.) Respecting another racl. Pont. 1.)
personage of this name see ALOEIDAE. [L. S.] 3. One of the Athenian orators whose surrender
EPHIALTES ('Epid'AXrs). 1. A Malian, who, was required by Alexander in B. c. 335, after the
in B. C. 480, when Leonidas was defending the destruction of Thebes, though Demades prevailed
pass of Thermopylae, guided the body of Persians on the king. not to press the demand against any
called the Immortals over the mountain path (the but Charidemus. (Arr. Anab. i. 10; Plut. Dem.
Anopaea), and thus enabled them to fall on the 23, Phoc. 17; Diod. xvii. 15; Suid. s. v.'Avyirear of the Greeks.' Fearing;- after this the ven- iraTpos.)
geance of the Spartans, he fled into Thessaly, and 4. Plutarch (Alex. 41) mentions Ephialtes and
a price was-set on his head by the Amphictyonic Cissus as those who brought to Alexander the incouncil. He ultimately returned to his country, telligence of the treachery and flight of Harpalus
and was put to death by one Athenades, a Trachi- in B. c. 324, and were thrown into prison by the
nian, for some cause unconnected with his treason, king as guilty of calumny. The play of the comic
but not further -mentioned by Herodotus. (Her. poet Phrynichus, called "'Ephialtes," does not
vii. 213,-&c.; Paus. i. 4; Strab. i. p. 20; Poly- seem to have had reference to any of the above
aen. vii. 15.) persons, but rather to the Nightmare. (Meineke,
2. An Athenian statesman and general, son of Hist. Crit. Corn. Graec. pp. 152-154.). [E. E.]
Sophonides, or, according to Diodorus, of Simonides, EPHICIA'NUS. [IPHICIANUS.]
was a friend and partizan of Pericles, who is said EPHIPPUS _(EqwrLiros), of Olynthus, a Greek
by Plutarch to have often put him forward as the historian of Alexander the Great. It is commonly
main ostensible agent in carrying political measures believed, though no reason is assigned, that Ephipwhen he did not choose to appear prominently pus lived about or shortly after the time of Alexhimself. (Ael. V. H. ii. 43, iii. 17; Plut. Peric. 7, ander. There is however a passage in Arrian
Reip. Gerend. Praec. 15; Diod. xi. 77.) Thus, when (Anab. iii. 5. ~ 4) which would determine the age
the Spartans sent to ask the assistance of the of Ephippus very accurately, if it could be proved
Athenians against Ithome in B. c. 461, he. endea- that the Ephippus there mentioned is identical
voured to prevent the people from granting the re- with the historian. Arrian says, that Alexander
quest, urging them not to raise a fallen rival, but before leaving Egypt appointed Aeschylus (the
to leave the spirit of Sparta to be trodden down; Rhodian) and Ephippus rov XaicrLetws, superinand we find him mentioned in particular as chiefly tendants ('eriacorom) of the administration of
instrumental in that abridgment of the power of Egypt. The reading rdv XaNXe rews, though
the Areiopagus, which inflicted such a blow on the adopted by the recent editors of Arrian, is not in
oligarchical party, and against which the " Eume- all MSS., and some editions read XaAIKCrva or
nides" of Aeschylus was directed. (Arist. Polit. XaAsicvnoa; but if we might emend XaAXKCea,
ii. 12, ed. Bekk.; Diod. 1. c.; Plut. Cim. 10, 15, we should have reason for supposing that the
16, Pericl. 7, 9; Cic. de Rep. i. 27.) By this mea- person mentioned by Arrian is the same as Ephipsure Plutarch tells us that he introduced an un- pus of Olynthus, for Olynthus was the principal
mixed democracy, and made the city drunk with town in Chalcidice, and Ephippus might just as
liberty; but he does not state clearly the precise well be called a native of Olynthus as of Chalcipowers of which the Areiopagus was deprived, nor dice. If the Ephippus then in Arrian be the same
is it easy to decide this point, or to settle whether as the historian, he was a contemporary of Alexit was the authority of the court or the council that ander and survived him for some time, for he wrote
Pericles and Ephialtes assailed. (For a full discus- an account of the king's burial. The work of
sion of the question the reader is referred to Miil- Ephippus is distinctly referred to by Athenaeus
ler,' Eumnen. ~~ 35-37; Wachsmuth, lIist. Ant. only, though Diodorus and others also seem to
vol. ii. p. 75, &c. Eng. transl.; Hermann, Opusc. have made use of it. Athenaeus calls it in some
vol. iv. pp. 299-302, where the passages of De- passages irerp mA'AXASdvapou Kal'HqPaoriLw-vor
mosthenes [c. Arist. p. 641] and of Lysias [de Me-ra\AAays, and in othershe has rcas or sevTis'ced. tErat. p. 94] are ably and satisfactorily re- instead of /AeT-CayA is, so that at all events we