A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

HANNIBAL. HANNIBALLIANUS. 341'
war, from Scipia to the emperor Napoleon, have con- Campagnes d'Annibal en Italie, 3 tom. Milan, 1812)
curred in their homage to his genius. But in cornm- and Guischard (Mgmoires Militaires sur les Grecs
paring Hannibal with any other of the great et les Romains, 4to. La Haye, 1758). There are
leaders of antiquity, we must ever bear in mind the few separate histories of the second Punic war as a
peculiar circumstances in which he was placed. whole: the principal are Becker's Vorarbeiten za
He was not in the position either of a powerful einer Geschlichte des zweiten Punischen IKrieges, and
monarch, disposing at his pleasure of the whole re- a work entitled Der Zweite Punische Krieg und
sources of the state, nor yet in that of a republican der Kriegsplan der Karthager, by Ludwig-Freiherr
leader, supported by the patriotism and national von Vincke.
spirit of the people that followed him to battle. 11. Surnamed Monomachus, an officer in the
Feebly and grudgingly supported by the govern- army of the preceding, who, according to Polybius,.
ment at home, he stood alone, at the head of an was a man of a ferocious and sanguinary disposiarmy composed of mercenaries of many nations, of tion, and the real author or adviser of many cruelmen fickle and treacherous to all others but himself, ties which were attributed to the great commander.
men who had no other bond of union than their Among other things, he is said to have recomcommon confidence in their leader. Yet not only mended Hannibal to teach his soldiers to live upon
did he retain the attachment of these men, un- human flesh, a piece of advice which could not
shaken by any change of fortune, for a period of have been'seriously meant, though it is gravely
more than fifteen years, but he trained up army urged by Roman writers as a reproach against the
after army; and long after the veterans that had son of Hamilcar. (Polyb. ix. 24; Liv. xxiii. 5;
followed him over the Alps had dwindled to an Dion Cass. Fr. Vat. 72, p. 191, ed. Mai.)
inconsiderable remnant, his new levies were still as 12. A Carthaginian officer in the service of the
invincible as their predecessors. great Hannibal, who was sent by him to Syracuse,
Of the private character of Hannibal we know together with Hippocrates and Epicydes, in order.
very little-no man ever played so conspicuous a to gain over Hieronymus to the Carthaginian allipart in history of whom so few personal anecdotes ance. He proceeded from thence to Carthage,
have, been recorded. Yet this can hardly have leaving his two colleagues to conduct affairs in
been for want of the opportunity of preserving Sicily. (Polyb. vii. 2, 4; Liv. xxiv. 6.)
them, for we are told (Corn. Nep. Hann. 13) that 13. Surnamed the Starling (o TaPp), is mentioned
he was accompanied throughout his campaigns by by Appian (Pun. 68) as one of the leaders of the
two Greek writers, Silenus and Sosilus; and we party favourable to Masinissa in the dissensions
know that the works of both these authors were that arose at Carthage after the end of the second
extant in later times; but they seem to have been Punic war; but we do not again meet with his
unworthy of their subject. Sosilus is censured by name. [E. H. B.]
Polybius (iii. 20. ~ 5) for the fables and absurdi- HANNIBALLIA'NUS, half-brother of Con*'
ties with which he had overlaid his history; and stantine the Great. Constantius Chlorus, by his
Silenus is only cited as an authority for dreams second wife Flavia Maximiana Theodora, had three
and prodigies. The former is said also to have daughters, Constantia, Anastasia, and Eutropia;
acted as Hannibal's instructor in Greek, a language also three sons, Delmatius, Julius Constantius, and
which, at least in the latter years of his life, he Hanniballianus. These boys, who at the period of
spoke with fluency (Cic. de Or. ii. 18), and in their father's death must have been prevented by
which he even composed, during his residence at their youth from disputing the sovereignty, were
the court of Prusias, a history of the expedition of educated at Toulouse, and when they grew up to
Cn. Manlius Vulso against the Galatians. (Corn. manhood their politic brother took care to gratify
Nep. 1. c.) If we may believe Zonaras (viii. 24), any ambitious longings which they might have
he was at an early age master of several other cherished, by a liberal distribution of empty holanguages also, Latin among the rest: but this nours. Hanniballianus, in acknowledgment of his
-seems at least very doubtful. Dion Cassius, how- royal blood, was invested with the scarlet goldever, also bears testimony (Fr. Vat. 67, p. 187, ed. bordered robe, and received the high-sounding but
Mai) to his having received an excellent educa- as yet vague title of Nobilissimus-distinctions
tion, not only in Punic, but in Greek learning and which he enjoyed until A. D. 337, when he was
literature.. During his residence in Spain Han- involved in the cruel massacre of all those members
nibal had married the daughter of a Spanish chief- of the Flavian house whose existence was supposed
tain (Liv. xxiv. 41); but we do not learn that he to threaten the security of the new Augusti.
left any children. It must be observed, that the three sons of
The principal ancient authorities for the life of Theodora are, in the Alexandrian chronicle, distinHannibal have been already cited in the course of guished as Delmatius, Constantius, and Hanniballithe above narrative: besides those there referred anus; but by Zonaras they are named Constantinus,
to, many detached facts and anecdotes, but almost Hanniballianus, and Constantius, while Theophanes
all relating to his military operations, will be found expressly asserts that Hanniballianus is the same
in Valerius Maximus, Polyaenus, and Frontinus: with Delmatius. The conflicting evidence has been
and the leading events of the second Punic war are carefully examined by Tillemont, who decides in
also given by the epitomizers of Roman history, favour of the Alexandrian chronicle, although it
Florus, Eutropius, and Orosius. Among modern must be confessed that the question is involved in
writers it may be sufficient to mention Arnold, the much obscurity. [DELMATIUS.]
third volume of whose History of Rome contains (Chron. Alex. p. 648, ed. 1615; Zonar, xii. 33;
much the best account of the second Punic war Zozim. ii. 39, 40; Theophanes, Chtron. ad ann.
that has yet appeared; and Niebuhr, in his Lec- 296; Auson. Prof. 17; Liban. Or. 15; Tillemont,
tures on Roman History (vol. i. lect. 8-15). Hist. des Enmp. vol. iv. Notes sur Constantin.
The reader who desires military commentaries on n. 4.) [W. R.]
his operations may consult Vaudoncourt (Hist. des HANNIBALLIA'NUS, FLA'VIUS CLAU'z3