A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

HADES. -HADRIANUS. 319
~ 5, 2. ~ 1.) Hence- he is called the infernal Zeus and Nysa, at Athens in the grove of the Erinnyes,
(ZEts KaCaXCoXdtos), or the king of the shades and at Olympia. (Strab. iii. p. 344, xiv. p. 649
(avan &v4pwv, Hornm.. ix. 457,. xx. 61. xv. 187, Paus. i. 28. ~ 6, v. 20. ~ 1.) We possess few
&c.). As, however, the earth and Olympus be- representations of this divinity, but in those which
longed to the three brothers in common, he might still exist, he resembles his brothers Zeus and
ascend Olympus, as he did at the time when he Poseidon, except that his hair falls down his forewas wounded by Heracles. (II. v. 395; comp. head, and that the majesty of his appearance is
Paus. vi. 25. ~ 3; Apollod. ii. 7. ~ 3; Pind. 01. ix. dark and gloomy. His ordinary attributes are the
31.) But when Hades was in his own kingdom, key of Hades and Cerberus. (Hirt, Mythol. Bilhe was quite unaware of what was going on either derb. i. p. 72, &-c.)
on earth or in Olympus (II. xx. 61, &c.), and it In Homer Aides is invariably the name of the
was only the oaths and curses of men that reached god; but in later times it was transferred to his
his ears, as they reached those of the Erinnyes. He house, his abode or kingdom, so that it became a
possessed a helmet which rendered the wearer in- name for the lower world itself. We cannot enter
visible (11. v. 845), and later traditions stated that here into a description of the conceptions which
this helmet was given him as a present by the Cy- the ancients formed of the lower world, for this
elopes after their deliveryfrom Tartarus. (Apollod. discussion belongs to mythical geography. [L. S.]
i. 2. ~ 1.) Ancient story mentions both gods and HADRIA'NUS, P. AE'LIUS, the fourteenth
men. who were honoured by Hades with. the ternm- in the series of Roman emperors, reigned from the
porary use of this helmet. (Apollod. i. 6. ~ 2, ii. 4. 11th of August, A. D. 117, till the 10th of July,
~ 2.) His character is described as fierce and in- A. D. 138. He was born at Rome on the 24th of
exorable, whence of all the gods he was most hated January, A. D. 76; and not as Eutropius (viii. 6)
by mortals. (II. ix. 158.) He kept the gates of and Eusebius (Chron. no. 2155, p. 166,ed. Scaliger)
the lower world closed (whence he is called IIvAdp- state, at Italica. This mistake arose from the.7sT, II. viii. 367; comp. Paus. v. 20. ~ 1.; Orph. fact, that Hadrian was descended, according to his
Hymn. 17. 4), that no shade might be able to es- own account, from a family of Hadria in Picenum,
cape or return to the region of light. When mor- which, in the time of P. Scipio, had settled at Itatals invoked him, they struck the earth with their lica in Spain. His father, Aelius Hadrianus Afer,
hands (Il. ix. 567), and the sacrifices which were was married to an aunt of the emperor Trajan; he
offered to him and Persephone consisted of black had been praetor, and lived as a senator at Rome.
male and female sheep, and the person who Hadrian lost his father at the age of ten, and reoffered the sacrifice had to turn away his face. (Od. ceived his kinsman Ulpius Trajanus (afterwards
x. 527; Serv. ad Virg. Georg. ii. 380.) the emperor Trajan). and Caelius Attianus as: his
The ensign of his power was a staff, with which, guardians. He was from his earliest age very fond
like Hermes, he drove the shades into the lower of the Greek language and literature, which he apworld (Pind. 01. ix. 35), where he had his palace pears to have studied with zeal, while he neglected
and shared his throne with his consort Persephone. his mother tongue. At the age of fifteen he left
When he carried off Persephone from the upper Rome and went to Spain, where he entered upon
world, he rode in a golden chariot drawn by four his military career; but he was soon called back,
black immortal horses. (Orplh. Argon. 1192, Hymn. and obtained the office of decemvir stlitibus; and
17. 14; Ov. 12iet. v. 404; Hom. Hymn. in Cer. about A. D. 95 that of military tribune, in which
19; Claudian,?wapt. Proserp. i. in fin.) Besides capacity he served in Lower Moesia. When Trajan
these horses he was also believed to have herds of was adopted by Nerva, A. D. 97, Hadrian hastened
oxen in the lower world and in the island of Ery- from Moesia to Lower Germany, to be the first to
theia,which were attended to byMenoetius. (Apol- congratulate Trajan; and in the year following he
lod. ii. 5. ~~ 10, 12.) Like the other gods, he again travelled on foot from Upper to Lower Gerwas not a faithful husband; the Furies are called many, to inform Trajan of the demise of Nerva;
his daughters (Serv. ad- Aen. i. 86); the nymph and this he did with such. rapidity, that he arrived
Mintho, whom he loved, was metamorphosed by even before the express messengers sent by ServiPersephone into the plant called mint (Strab. viii. anus, who was married to, his sister Paulina.:
p. 344; Ov. Met. x. 728), and the nymph Leuce, Trajan now became more and more attached to
with whom he was likewise in love, was changed Hadrian, though the attachment did not continue
by him after her death into a white poplar, and undisturbed, until Trajan's wife, Plotina, who was
transferred to Elysium. (Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. vii. fond of Hadrian, contrived to confirm the connexion
61.) Being the king of the lower world, Pluton is by bringing about a marriage between her- favourite
the giver of all the blessings that come from the and Julia Sabina, a grand-daughter of Trajan's
earth: he is the possessor and giver of all the sister Marciana. Henceforth Hadrian rose every
metals contained in the earth, and hence his day in the emperor's favour, for the preservation of
name Pluton. (Hes. Op. et Dies, 435; Aes- which he did not always adopt the most honourable
chyl. Prom. 805; Strab. iii. p. 147; Lucian, Tim. means. HI-e was successively invested with various
21.) He bears several surnames referring to his offices at Rome, such as the quaestorship in A. D.ultimately assembling all mortals in his kingdom,. 101. In this capacity he delivered his first speech
and bringing them to rest and peace; such as Poly- in the senate, but was laughed at on account of the,
degmon, Polydectes, Clymenus, IIaytorlTs, &c. rudeness and want of refinement in its delivery.
(Hom. H-ymn. in Cer. 9; Aeschyl. Prom. 153; This induced him to study more carefully his:
Soph. Antig. 811; Paus. ii. 35. ~ 7.) Hades was mother tongue and Latin oratory, which he had'
worshipped throughout Greece and Italy. In Elis hitherto neglected. Soon after the expiration of his
he had a sacred enclosure and a temple, which was quaestorship he appears to have joined Trajan, who
opened only once in every year (Paus. vi. 25. ~ 3); was then carrying on the war against the Dacians..
and we further know that he had temples. at Pylos In A. D. 105 he obtained the tribuneship of the
Triphyliacus, near Mount Menthe, betweenTralles. people, and two years later the praetorship. In