A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

GRATA. GRATIANUS. 301
mented his loss. It is doubtful if they were at Success. c. 97; Olympiod. apud Phot. Bibl. cod,
Vienna in Gaul, where he was killed, at the time 80; Theophan. CGhronog. vol. i. p. 162, ed. Bonn;
of his death (A. D. 392), and accompanied his body Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vols. v. and vi.; Gibbon,
to Milan, or whether they were at Milan. (Socrat. c. 35; Eckhel, vol. viii.:p. 189; Gruter, Inscript.
H. E. iv. 31-; Ambros. de Obitu Valentiniani, mxlviii. 1.) [J. C. M.]
~ 40, &c., E/ist. 53, ed. Benedict.; Tillemont, GRA'TIAE. [CHARITES.]
Hist. des Emp. vol. v.) GRATIA'NUS. 1. GRATIANUS FUNARIUS,
2. JUSTA GRATA HoNoRIA, was the daughter of father of the emperors Valentinian I. and Valens,
Constantius III., emperor of the West [CONST.N- was born at Cibalae or Cibalis, in Pannonia, of anl
TIUS III.], and Galla Placidia [GALLA, No. 2],: obscure family. He obtained the name of Funarius
and daughter of Theodosius the Great.'The time (" the rope-man") because, when carrying about
of her birth is not known, but it may be estimated some rope (funis) for sale, he successfulIly resisted
approximately by the marriage of her parents, the efforts of five soldiers to wrest it from him. This
which took place on Jan. 1, 417, and the birth of circnumstance led to his enlisting in the army, and
her brother, Valentinian III., younger than her- he became distinguished for bodily strength and
self, which occurred in A. I. 419. She fled into for skill in military wrestling. He rose through
the eastern empire, with her mother and brother, the rank'of Protector and Tribunus to be Comes,
upon the death of Honorius (A.D. 424) and the and,'as we understand Ammianus Marcellinus,
usurpation of Joannes; and shared in the danger Magister Militum in Africa; but lost that appointfrom the sea and the deliverance therefrom, which ment through being suspected of peculation. Howare recorded in an inscription now in the wall of ever, after a long interval, he obtained the sarmoe
St. John's Church at Ravenna {[GALLA, No. 2]. rank in Britain; and at last returned, with a good
In that inscription she is termed Augusta, which reputation, to his birth-place, to end his days in
title was probably giveh her after the restoration privacy. He'suffered the confiscation of all his
of Valentinian III. to the western empire; and, it' property by the emperor Constantius II., "because
is conjectured, in order to prevent her marrying, hlie was said to have hospitably entertained Magby raising her above the rank of a subject. Impa- nentius, who was hastening through the place of his
tient at being restricted from marriage, she secretly residence to the fulfilment of his purpose" (Amnm.
communicated, by one of her eunuchs, whom she Marc. xxx. 7), i. e. apparently when hastening to
sent on the mission, with Attila, who had lately encounter Constantius in the battle of Mursa, A. D.
become king of the Huns, inviting him to come 351. He is thought to have held the office ofpraeinto Italy and to marry her. There is some doubt fectus praetorio, but this is not certain. He was very
as to the time of this mission; but we prefer, on popular with the soldiers, whose regard for him, even
the whole, to follow Jornandes, who fixes it before after his death, is said to have contributed to the:
her connection with Eugenius. It was probably at elevation of his son Valentinian to the empire. The
this time that she sent her ring to Attila as a senate of Constantinople decreed tohim a statue of
pledge of her faith; but Attila did not attend to brass about the time of the accession of Valens, A. D.
her invitation, and Honoria's unbridled appetite 364. (Amm. Marc. xxx. 7; Aurel. Vict. Epit. c.
led her into an illicit'connection'with her own 45; Paulus Diaconus, de Gest. Romnan. lib. xi;
steward, Eugenius, by whom she became pregnant. Tillemont, Hist. des Emp, vol. v.)
On the discovery of her condition, she was con- 2.:GRATIANtJS AUG., son of the emperor Valenfined, but not in the palace, and then sent (A. D. tinian, by his first wife Severa (or perhaps Valeria
434) to Theodosius II. at Constantinople. Vale- Severa), was born at Sirmiuln, in Pannonia, 19th
sius has affirmed that Eugenius was put to death, April, A. D. 359, about five years before his
but this assertion appears to be unsupported by father's accession to the empire. In A. D. 366,
testimony. In A. D. 450, after the death of Theo- while' yet nobilissimus puer, or heir apparent, he
dosius,,she appears to have been sent back to her was made consul, and on 24th Aug. 367, he was
brother, Valentinian; for in that year Attila, raised by his father to the rank of Augustus, at
anxious to find a cause of quarrel with the west- Ambiani or Amiens, in Gaul. This elevation is
ern empire, sent an embassy to Valentinian com- ascribed by Aurelius Victor to the influence of his
plaining of the wrongs of Honoria, claiming her as mother, Severa, and his maternal grandnmother. Ii,
betrothed to him, and, with her, that portion of the following year he accompanied his father in the
the empire to which she was entitled.'Yalen- campaign against the Alamanni, in their own
tinian replied that she could not marry Attila, as country, though he was not, on account of his
she had a husband already that women had no tender age, exposed to the full hardships and dan'
part in the succession to the empire, and that, con- gers of the war. Great care was bestowed on his
sequently, his sister had no claim. This assertion education; and the poet Ausonius [AUSONIUS],
that Honoria had a husband has led to the con- whom, in gratitude for his instruction, he afterjecture that she was forced at this time to marry'wards (A. D. 379) raised to the consulship, was his
some -obscure person, and that this enforced mar- tutor.'
riage was one occasion of a second embassy of On the sudden death of Valentinian, at Bregitid
Attila, reiterating his claim to her, and sending or Bergentio, now Bregenz,' on the "lake of Conher ring as an assurance that she had engaged her- stance (17 Nov. A. D. 375), the troops there, at the
self to him. Valentinian sent a similar reply to instigation of some of their officers, elevated Valenhis former one; and the invasion of Gaul by Attila tinian II., a child of four years, half brother of
soon followed [ATTILA]. Of the subsequent his- Gratian, to a share in the empire. The writers of
tory of Honoria nothing appears to be known; best. authority tell us that the good disposition and
Gibbon states, but apparently without authority, prudence of Gratiani or his advisers, prevented that
that she was condemned to perpetual imprison- prince from taking umbrage at this intrusion upon
ment. (Marcellin. CMronicon; Priscus, de Legation. him of a partner in his power; but Theophanes
i. 7, 8, ii. 1; Jornand. de Reb. Get. c. 42, dle Regnl. and Zonaras say that he punished the authors of his