A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

GRACCH US. GRACCHUS. 289
pay a large sum'of money, and give forty of their have brought with him so-large a number of capnobles as hostages. Gracchus thence proceeded to tives, that they were sold for a mere trifle, which
Alce, where the Celtiberians were encamped. Here gave rise to the proverb Sardi.cenales. A tablet
several skirmishes took place, until at last,. by. a was dedicated by him in the temple of the Mater
feigned flight of his own men, he succeeded in Matuta, on which the reduction of Sardinia was
drawing the Celtiberians away from their camp, of recorded, and on which were represented the
which he immediately took possession. Oh.this island itself and the battles Gracchus had fought
occasion 9000 enemies are said to have been'slain, there.
Gracchus now proceeded to ravage the country, In B. C. 169 Gracchus was appointed censor with
which, together with his victory, had such an C. Claudius Pulcher. His censorship was characeffect upon the people, that in a short time 103 terised by a strictness bordering on severity: seveCeltiberian towns submitted to him. Laden with ral persons were ejected from the senate, and many
immense booty, Gracchus then returned to Alce, equites lost their horses. InI consequence of this,
which he besieged. The place at first made a gal- the tribunes brought an accusation against the
lant resistance, but was compelled to surrender. censors before the people, but both were acquitted.
He again'gained great booty, but treated the On that occasion Gracchus acted with great magconquered people with kindness and one Celti- nanimity towards his colleague, who was unpoberian chief, Thurrus, even entered the Roman pular, while he himself enjoyed the highest esarmy, and assisted Gracchus as a faithful ally. The teem and popularity, for he declared, that if his
large and powerful city of -Ergavica opened its colleague should be condemned, he would accomgates to the Romans. Some historians, says Livy,.pany him into exile. With the money assigned
stated that these conquests were not so easily made, to him for the public works he purchased the site
but that the Celtiberians invariably revolted after of the house of P. Scipio Africanus, and of some
their submission, as soon as the enemy was out of adjoining buildings, and there erected a basilica,
sight, until at last a fearful battle was fought, the which was afterwards called the Basilica Semirreparable loss of which induced the Celtiberians pronia. A more important act of his censorship
to conclude a permanent peace. This may indeed was his throwhig all the libertini together in the
have been so, for the Spaniards had been treated by four tribus urbanae, whereas before they had granearly all the previous Roman generals with cruelty dually spread over all the tribes. This measure is
and treachery; and theycould not know that they called by Cicero one of the most salutary regulahad now to do with a bold, gallant, and formidable, tions, and one which for a time checked the ruin of
but at the same time a kind and honest enemy. the republic. In B. c. 164 Gracchus was sent by the
In the year following Gracchus remained in Spain; senate as ambassador into Asia, to inspect the affairs
and by his usual prudence and valour he again of the Roman allies; and it appears that on that
achieved the most brilliant exploits; he relieved occasion he addressed the Rhodians in a Greek'the town of Carabis, which was besieged by a large speech, which was still extant in the time of
armny of Celtiberians, and he afterwards defeated, Cicero. In B. c. 163 he was raised to the consulby a stratagem, another army near Complega, which ship a second time. Polybius mentions several
had endeavoured to ensnare him. In this manner other embassies on'which he was employed by the
he gradually subdued all the Celtiberians, and he senate, and in which he acted as a kind mediator
afterwards showed that he was *as great in the between foreign princes and Rome, and afforded
peaceful administration of his province, as he had protection where it was needed. The time of his
before been at the head of his armies. He adopted death is unknown: Orelli (Onom. Tull. ii. p.
various excellent measures, which tended not only to 531) commits the blunder of saying that he fell in
secure his conquests, but to win the affections of the battle in Lucania, thus confounding him with
Spaniards to such a degree, that nearly fifty years No. 2.
afterwards they-evinced their gratitude towards his Tib. Sempronius Gracchus had twelve children
son Tiberius; He assigned lands and habitations by Cornelia, nine of whom appear to have died at
to the poorer people, and established a series of an early age. The remaining three were Tiberius
laws to regulate their relations to Rome. In com- and Caius, and a daughter, Cornelia, who was
memoration of his achievements in Spain, he married to the younger Scipio Africanus. In his
changed the name of the town of Illurcis into private and family life Gracchus was as amiable a
Gracchuris. man as he was great in his public career: he was
*- In B. 17C. 8 Gracchus returned to Rome,where he the worthy husband of Cornelia, and the worthy
celebrated a splendid triumph over the Celtiberians father of the Gracchi, and, like his two sons, he
and their allies, and was elected consul for the year combined with the virtues of a Roman those of a
following, with C. Claudius Pulcher. He obtained man. Cicero mentions him in several passages in
Sardinia for his province, where he had to carry on terms of high praise, and also acknowledges that he
-a war against the revolted inhabitants. He gained had some merits as an orator. (Liv. xxxvii. 7,
a brilliant victory over the enemy, and then led xxxviii. 52, 53, 57, 60, xxxix. 5, 55, xl. 35, 44,
his army into winter quarters. In the spring 47-50, xli. 3, 11, 12, 21, 26, 33, xliii. 16-18,
of the year following he continued his successful xliv. 16, xlv. 15; Polyb. xxiii. 6, xxvi. 4, 7,
operations against the Sardinians, and reduced xxxi. 5, 6, 9, 13, 14, 19, 23, xxxii. 3, 4, 5,. xxxv.
them to submission. When this was achieved, and 2; Appian, Hispan. 43; Plut. T7b. Gracch. 1, &c.,
hostages were received, he sent envoys to Rome to AIIamcell. 5; Cic. Brut. 20, de. Ie Publ. vi. 2, de
solicit permission to return with his army and cele- Invent. i. 30, 49, de Nat. Dewr. ii; 4, ad Q. Frit.
-brate a triumph. But public thanksgivings only ii. 2, de Divinat. i. 17, 18, ii. 35, de Aetic. 27,:were decreed, and Gracchus was ordered to remain in de Orat. i. 9, 48, de Fin. iv. 24, de O. ii. 12,
his province as proconsul. At the close of B. c. 1 75, de iProv. Cos. 8; comp. Meyer, Fragnss. Orat. Rorm.
however, he returned to Rome, and was honoured p. 1:51, &c, 2nd'edit.'; Niebuhr, Lectures on Rowith a triumph over the Sardinians. He is said to man Hist. vol].i. p. 269.)
VOL. II. U