A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

242 GENIUS. GENNADIUS.
the name Genius itself is Latin (it is connected Sch6mann, de Diis ilfanibs, Labibus, et Geniis,
with en-itus, yl —yv-o1Aac, and equivalent in mean- Greifswald, 1840.) [L. S.]
ing to generator or father; see August. de Civ. GENNA'DIUS, a presbyter of Marseilles, who
Dei, vii. 13). The genii of the Romans are fre- flourished at the close of the fifth century, is
quently confounded with the Manes, Lares, and known to us as the author of a work De Viris IIPenates (Censorin. 3.); and they have indeed one lustribzus, containing one hundred short lives of
great feature in common, viz. that of.protecting ecclesiastical writers from A. D. 392 to about A. D.
mortals; but there seems to be this essential differ- 495, thus forming a continuation of the tract by
ence, that the genii are the powers which produce Jerome which bears the same title. The last
life (dii genitales), and accompany man through notice, devoted to the compiler himself, embraces
it as his second or spiritual self, whereas the other all that is known with regard to his history and
powers do not begin to exercise their influence till compositions: "Ego Gennadius, Massiliae presbylife, the work of the genii, has commenced. The ter, scripsi adversus omnes haereses libros octo, et
genii were further not confined to man, but every adversus Nestorium libros sex, adversus Pelagium
living being, animal as well as man, and every -libros tres, et tractatus de mille annis et de Apoplace, had its genius. (Paul. Diac. p. 71; Serv. ad calypsi beati Johannis, et hoc opus, et epistolam de
Virg. Georg. i. 302.) Every human being at his fide mea misi ad beatum Gelasium, urbis Romae
birth obtains (sortitu-) a genius. Horace (Epist. episcopum." Gelasius died A. D. 496.
ii. 2. 187) describes this genius as valte mutabilis, Of the writings here enumerated, none have
whence we may infer either that he conceived the been preserved, with the exception of the Biogragenius as friendly towards one person, and as hos- phical Sketches and the Epistola de Fide mea, or,
tile towards another, or that he manifested himself as it is sometimes headed, Libellus de Ecclesiastieis
to the same person in different ways at different Dogmatibus, which was at one time ascribed to
times, i. e. sometimes as a good, and sometimes as St. Augustin. Notwithstanding the pretensions
an evil genius. The latter supposition is con- put forth by Gennadius himself as a champion of
firmed by the statement of Servius (ad Aen. vi. orthodoxy, expressions have been detected in both
743),. that at our birth we obtain two genii, one of the above pieces which indicate a decided leanleading us to good, and the other to-evil, and that ing towards Semipelagianism. On the other hand,
at our death by their influence we either rise to a'it has been maintained that the whole of these
higher state of existence, or are condemned to a passages are interpolations, since the most oblower one. The spirit who appeared to Cassius, noxious are altogether omitted in the two oldest
saying, " We shall meet again at Philippi," is ex- MSS. of the De Viris Illustribus now extant, those
pressly called his evil spirit, Kcaico8aicwv. (Val. of Lucca and Verona. The preliminary repnarks
Max. i. 7. ~ 7; Plut. Brzt. 36.) Women called'upon Jerome are also, in all probability, the protheir genius Juno (Senec. Eplst. 110; Tibull. iv. duction of a later hand.
6. 1); and as we may thus regard the genii of men The De Viris Illustribus was published in a
as being in some way connected with Jupiter, it volume containing the Catalogue of Jerome, along
would follow that the genii were emanations from with those of Isidorus, Honorius, &c., by Sufthe great gods. Every man at Rome had his own fridus, 8vo. Colon., 1580; with the notes o:
genius, whom he worshipped as sanctus et sanctissi- Miraeus, fol. Antw. 1639; with the notes of Mi
mus deus, especially on his birthday, with libations raeus and E. S. Cyprianus, 4to., Helmst., 1700
of wine, incense, and garlands of flowers. (Tibull. by J. A. Fabricins, in his Bibliotleca Ecclesiastica
ii. 2. 5; Ov. Trist. iii. 13. 18, v. 5, 11; Senec. fol., Hamb., 1718, and is included in most edition,
Epist. 114; Horat. Carm. iv. 11. 7.) The bridal of the collected works of Jerome.
bed was sacred to the genius, on account of his The Libellus de Ecclesiasticis Dogmatibus will b,
connection with generation, and the bed itself was found in the Benedictine edition of St. Augustin
called lectus genialis. On other merry occasions, vol. viii. Append. p. 75. and was published sepa
also, sacrifices were offered to the genius, and to rately by Elmenhorst, 4to., Hamburg, 1614. (Se
indulge in merriment was not unfrequently ex- the historians of Semipelagianism referred to at th
pressed by genio indulgere, geniuz curare or pla- end of the article CASSIANUS.) [W. R.]
care. The whole body of the Roman people had GE'NNADIUS (revvadLos), the'name of tw
its own genius, who is often seen represented on Greek prelates, both bishops or patriarchs of Con
coins of Iladrian and Trajan. (Arnob. ii. 67; stantinople.
Serv. ad Aen. vi. 603; Liv. xxx. 12; Cic. pro 1. The earlier of the two was a presbyter of th
Cluent. 5.) He was worshipped on sad as well Church of Constantinople, and became bishop of tha
as joyous occasions; thus, e.g. sacrifices (ma- see, A. D. 459, on the decease of Anatolius [ANATC
jores hostiae caesae quinque, Liv. xxi. 62) were LIUS]. Hewas one of those who pressed the emperc
offered to him at the beginning of the second Leo I., the Thracian, to punish TimothyAelurus (c
year of the Hannibalian war. It was observed the Cat), who had occupied the see of Alexandri
above that, according to Servius (comp. ad Aen. on the murder of Proterius, and his interventio
v. 95), every place had its genius, and he adds, was so far successful that Timothy was banishec
that such a local genius, when he made himself A. D. 460. He also opposed Peter Gnapheus ((
visible, appeared in the form of a serpent, that the Fuller) who, under the patronage of Zeno, sol
is, the symbol of renovation or of new life. The in-law of the emperor, and general of the Eastei
genii are usually represented in works of art as provinces, had expelled Martyrius from the see
winged beings, and on Roman monuments a genius Antioch, and occupied his place. Gennadius h
commonly appears as a youth dressed in the toga, nourably received Martyrius, who went to Constai
with a patera or cornucopia in his hands, and his tinople, and succeeded in procuring the banis]
head covered; the genius of a place appears in ment of Peter, A. D. 464. Gennadius died, A.
the form of a serpent eating fruit placed before him. 471, and was succeeded by Acacius [ACACIUn
(Hiartung, Die Relig. der R7n;. i. p. 32, &c.; No. 4]. Theodore Anagnostes (or the Reade