A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

14 EMPEDOCLES. EMPYLUS.
substances and the two moving powers co-existed the same cause, his six original beings (Aristot. de
in a condition of repose and inertness? Empe- Anim. iii. 3, Metaphys. i. 57; Fragm. 3921, &c.i
docles decided in favour of the latter supposition 315, &c., 313, 318, &c.), still' he clearly distin(Fragm..vers. 88, &c., 59, &c.; comp. Plat. Soph. guished the latter as a higher state of development
p. 242; Aristot. de Coel. i. ] O, Phys. Auscult. i. 4, from the former; he complains of the small extent
viii. 1), which agreed with ancient legends and of our knowledge obtainable through our body
traditions. This he probably did especially in or- (Fragm. 32, &c.), and advises us not to trust to
der to keep still more distinctly asunder existences our eyes or ears, or any other part of our body,
and things coming'into existence; and he conceived but to see in thought of what kind each thing is
the original co-existence' of the pure elementary by itself (Fragm. 49, &c., comp. 108, 356, &c.)
substances and of the two powers'in the form of a but he attributes the thinking cognition to the
sphere (rqaepos; comp. Karsten', p.'183, &c.), deity alone. (Fragnz. 32, &c., 41 &c., 354, 362,
which was to indicate its perfect independence and &c.)' We are, however, by no means justified in
self-sufficiency. As, however, these' elementary supposing that Empedocles, like the Eleatics, consubstances were to exist together in their purity, sidered that which is perceptible through the
without mixture and separation, it was necessary senses, i. e. the world and its phaenomena, to be a
to suppose that the uniting power of love predomi- mere phantom; and the unity of the divine sphere,
nated in the sphere' (Aristot. Metaph1ys. B. i. 4,'that is, the world of love, which is arrived at only
A. 21,' de Generat. et Corr. i. 1), and that the by thought, to be the sole existence.' (H. Ritter
separating power of hate was in a state of limited in Wolf's Analect. i. p. 423, &c., Gesch. derPhilos.
activitj, or,: as Empedocles expresses it, guarded''i. p. 541, &c.; Brandis, in the Rheinisch. Museum,
the extreme ends of the sphere. (IFraan. vmers.'58, iii. p. 124; comp. Zeller, 1. c. p. 184, &c.)
comp. 1'67, &c.) When the destructive hate rises' Further investigations concerning Empedocles's'
into activity, the bond which keeps the pure ele- derivation of the different kinds of sensuous permentary substances together in the sphere is dis- ception, and of the mutual influence of things upon
solved (vers. 66, &c.):;" they separate in order one another in general, from the coincidence of
partly to unite again by the power of love': and effliuxes' and corresponding pores, as well as the
this'is the origin of our world of phaenomena. But examination of'the fragments of his cosmologic and'
that the elementary substances might not be com-' physiologic doctrines, must be left to a history of'
pletely- absorbed by this world'and lose their Greek philosophy. [CH. A. B.]
purity,- Empedocles' assumed a periodical change'of E'MPODUS ("'Eproeos), an otherwise unknown
the sphere and formation of the world (Fragmy. vers. writer, whose adro!yv7,ovet1tara are mentioned- by
88, &c., 167, &c.); but perhaps also, like the Athenaeus. (ix. p. 370.) Casaubon proposed to
earlier Ionians, a perpetual continuance of pure' read rIH~eliSvios instead of ~'Elro os; but our
fundamental substances, to which the parts of the ignorance about Empodus is not sufficient to justify'
world' which are tired of change; return and pre- such a conjecture. [L. S.]
pare the formation of the sphere for the next period EMPO'RIUS, a Latin rhetorician, author of
of the' world.' (H. Ritter in Wolf's Analect. ii. three short tracts entitled i. De Ethopoeia ac Loco
p. 445, &c., Gesci. der Philos. i. p. 555, &c:; but CommuniLiber'; 2. Denzonstrativae Materiae'praecomp.: Zeller, I. c. p. 191, &c.) The sphere being ceptum; 3. De Deliberativa Specie. He is believed
the embodiment of pure existence was with him to have flourished not earlier than the sixth cenalso the embodiment or representative of the deity, tury, chiefly from the circumstance that he refers
either conceiving the deity as a collectivity, or in his illustrations to the regal power rather than to
mainly as the uniting power of love. (Fragm. vers. the imperial dignity, which he would scarcely have
70; comp. Aristot. de Generat. et Corr. ii. 6, Me- done had he lived before the revival of the kingly
taphys. B. 4, de!Anim. i. 5.) But as'existence is title.
not to be confined to the sphere, but must rather Emporius was first edited by Beatus Rhenanus,
be at the foundation of the whole' visible world, so along with some other authors upon rhetoric, Basil.
the deity also must be active in it. But Empedocles 4to. 1521; the pieces named above will all be found
was little able to determine the how of this divine in the " Antiqui Rhetores Latini" of F. PitLoeus,
activity in its distinction from and'connexion with 4to., Paris, 1599, p. 278. [W. R.]
the activity of' the moving powers: he, too, like EMPU'SA (iEtareovoa), a monstrous spectre,
the Eleatics'(Xenophan.' Praym. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,' ed. which was believed to devour human beings. It
Karsten), strove to purify and liberate the notion could assume different forms, and was sent out by
of the""deity: "not provided with limbs; He, a Hecate to frighten travellers.' It was believed
holy, infinite' spirit, passes through the world with usually to appear with one leg' of brass and the
rapid thoughts," is the sublime expression of Em- other of an ass. (Aristoph. Ran. 294, Eccles.
pedocles. (Fr-agm. vers. 359, &c., comp. 317.) 1094.) Whenever a traveller addressed the
Along with this, however, he speaks of the eternal monster with insulting words,' it used to flee and
power of Necessityr as an ancient decree of the gods, utter a shrill sound. (Philostr. Vit. Apoll. ii. 4.)
and it is not clear whether the necessary succession The Lamiae and Mormolyceia, who assumed the
of cause and effect,'-or an unconditional predestina- form of handsome women for the purpose of attracttion, is to be understood by it; or, lastly,'whether ing young men, and then sucked their blood like
Empedocles did not rather leave the lotion of vampyrs and ate their flesh, were reckoned among
Necessity and its relation "to the deity in that the Empusae. (Philostr. Vit. Apoll. iv. 25; Suid.
mysterious darkness in which we find it in the s. v.)'. [L. S.]
works of'most philosophers of antiquity. E'MPYLUS, a rhetorician; the companion, as.
We perceive theworld of phaenomena or changes we'are told by Plutarch, of Brutus, to whom'he
thr6ugh' the medium of our' senses, but not so its dedicated a short essay, not destitute of merit, on
eternal'cause; and altho. gh Empedocles traced the death of Caesar. It is not stated to what
both sensuous perception and thought to one and country he belonged. "Empylus the Rhodian"