A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

GALLA. GALLIENA. 219
immediately; and it was not until after Placidia cellin., Idatius, Prosper Aquit., Prosper Tiro,,had suffered from the wanton insolence of Sigeric:Chronica; Procop. de Bell. Vand. i. 3; Tillemont,,or Singerich, the ephemeral successor of Ataulphus, Hist. des Esnp. vol. v. vi.; Gibbon, ch. 31, 33,
that she was restored by Valia or rWallia, who and 35; Eckhel, vol. viii. p. 175.) [J. C. M.]
succeeded Sigeric. Her restoration took place in GALLA, A'RRIA. [ARRIA.]
A. D. 416; and on the first day (lst January) of GALLA, SO'SIA, the wife of C. Silius [Sithe next year (417) she was married, though LIUS], involved with him in a charge of treason
against her will, to Constantius, by whom she had A. D. 24. The pretext for Galla's impeachment
two children, a daughter, Justa Grata Honoria, was, that during her husband's command in Upper
and a son, afterwards the emperor Valentinian Germany, in A. D. 14, she -had sold her influence
III. [VALENTINIANUS, III.], born A. D. 419. with him, and shared in his exactions on the pro~Constantius was declared Augustus by Honorius, vincials. But the real motive was Galla's intimacy
who was, however, somewhat reluctant to take with Agrippina, the widow of Germanicus. Galla
him as colleague in the empire, and Placidia re- was sent into banishment. (Tac. Ann. iv. 19,
ceived the title of Augusta; and the infant Va- 20.) [W.. B. D.]
lentinian received, through Placidia's influence, the GALLICA'NUS, a Roman.consular, who,
title "Nobilissimus," which was equivalent to his along with Maecenas, rashly slew two soldiers:appointment as successor to the throne. Constan- who through curiosity had entered the senatetius' died A. D. 421, about half a year afterhis ele- house, and thus gave rise to that bloody strife
vation. After his death Honorius showed Placidia which raged for many days between the populace
such regard and affection as gave rise to discredit- and the praetorians during the brief reign of Balable surmises respecting them; but after a time binus and Pupienus, A. D. 238. In the course of
their love was exchanged for enmity, their re- these disorders a large portion of the city was
spective friends raised tumults in Ravenna, where destroyed by fire. (Herodian. vii. 27; Capitolin.
the Gothic soldiers supported the widow of their Masimin. duo, 20, Gordiani tres, 22.) [W. R.]
king, and in the end Placidia and her children fled GALLICA'NUS, a rhetorician mentioned by
(A. D. 423) to Theodosius II. at Constantinople to Fronto (p. 128, ed. Niebuhr), where, however,
seek his aid. It was probably in this flight that A. Mai remarks that the word Gallicanus may be
she experienced the danger from the sea, and made a mere adjective to designate a rhetorician of Gaul,
the vow recorded in an extant inscription on the and that Fronto may allude to Favorinus, the
church of St. John the Evangelist at Ravenna. Gallic sophist of Arles. Whether Mai is right or
(Gruter, p. 1048, No. 1.) It is not likely that not cannot be decided, but the Squilla Gallicanus
Theodosius would have believed her against Ho- to whom one of Fronto's letters: (Ad Amic. i. 28,
norius, as he had never acknowledged Constantius p. 207, ed. Niebuhr) is addressed, must, at all
as Augustus, or Placidia as Augusta; but' the events, be a different person. The latter is mendeath of Honorius and the usurpation of Johannes tioned in the Fasti as consul, in A. D. 127, in the
or John, determined him'to take up her cause, reign of Hadrian. Whether this M. Squilla Galwhich had now become the cause of his family. licanus, again, is the same as the one who occurs
liHe therefore authorized Placidia to take or resume in the Fasti as consul in A. D. 150, is uncertain, as
~the title of Augusta, and the little Valentinian that under the latter date the Fasti are incomplete, and' of Nobilissimus. They were sent back to Italy have only the name Gallicanus. [L. S.]
(A. D. 424), with a powerful army, under Arda- GALLICA'NUS, VULCA'TIUS, the name
burius, Aspar, and Candidianus. John was taken prefixed in the collection, entitled Scriptores Hisand put to death; and Valentinian, who had been toriae Augustae [see CAPITOLINUS], to the life of
previously raised to the rank of Caesar, was de- Avidius Cassius. Not one circumstance connected
dared Augustus, or emperor, and left to govern the with this author is known; and Salmasius, followWest, under the tutelage of his mother. Her ing the authority of the Palatine MS. would
regency was signalised by her zeal for the church assign the biography in questionto Spartianus.
and her intolerance. She banished from the towns Whoever the compiler may have been, the work
Manichaeans and other heretics, and astrologers; itself is a miserable performance, so defective and
and excluded Jews and heathens from the bar and confused, that several of the leading events confrom public offices; but her lax government and nected with the rebellion in the East would be
easy disposition in other matters than those of the altogether unintelligible did we not possess more
church left the empire to be torn by the disputes accurate and distinct sources of information. For
and rivalry of Abtius and Boniface [AETIUS, editions, &c. see CAPITOLINUS. [W. R.].BONIFACIUS]; and her over-indulgence to her son GALLIE'NA. We are told by Trebellius
tended to make him an abandoned profligate. Pollio that Celsus [CELsUS], one of the numerous
She died A. D. 450 or 451, at Rome, and was pretenders to the purple who sprung up during the
buried at Ravenna. (Zosim. vi. 12; Olympiod. reign of Gallienus, was invested with the imperial.apud Phot. -Bibl. cod. 80; Socrat. H. E. vii. 23, dignity by. Gailiena, a cousin (consobrina) of the
24; Philostorg. H. E. xii. 4, 12, 13, 14; Mar- reigning monarch. A coin described in a MS. of
Goltzius, as bearing the inscription LICIN. GALLIENA AUG., and supposed' by some to belong to the
subject of this article, is considered by the best
judges to have been spurious, if it ever existed at
I; / @'DA But two gold medals, which are admitted to be
4I dy genuine, have proved a source of extreme embarrassment to numismatologists. One of these presents on the obverse a head, apparently that of
COIN OF GALLA PLACJDIA. Gallienus, encircled with a wreath of corn ears,