A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

200 -'GAIUS. GAIUS.
stitutes of Gaius. The preferable opinion, how- some profane dramatist. Not unfrequently the
ever, is, that the Res Qusotidianae and the Institu- parchment was a second time submitted to the
tiones, though the'- had much in common, were same treatment. The fatherwho had supplanted
distinct works. (Savigny's Zeitscrtift, vol. i. p. the dramatist was himself washed and rubbed out
54-77; Hugo, Civilist. Mag. vol. vi. p. 228- in order, peradventure, to give place to some scho264.) Justinian, in his Institutes, made consider- lastic doctor.
able use of this GolJen Work (Prooeml. Inst. ~ 6). In the library of the Chapter at Verona is a
5. AoarecaSATo J (sic, sed qu. DuoUeKaSeArov vel codex formerly numbered xv., but now xiii., conAoaecaid'kATov) SLfa'a ft. Extracts, 20. This is taining a manuscript of the Letters of St. Jerome
the work, the beginning of which has been supposed, (Hieronymus), written over an older manuscript.
on account of the citations in Lydus, to resemble Nearly one fourth part of the codex was bis repart of the Enecliridion. of Pomponius, and to have scriptus, and where this was the case, it seems that
borrowed some of its historical details from Grac- St. Jerome had also been the second occupant.
chanus. The manuscript first written on the parchment
6. Instituton (Institutionum), BlCAa Terrcrapa. consisted of 251 pages, and each page of 24 lines.
Extracts, 14. An account of this famous work is One leaf or two pages, 235 and 236, concerning
given below. Prescriptions and Interdicts, had been detached
7. De Verborum Obligationibus, siAfla?y. Ex- from the rest of the manuscript, and escaped being
tracts, 12., overlaid by St. Jerome. These two detached
8. De Alanumissionibus, B:Aia piea. Extracts, 5. pages, together with four other pages detached from
9. Fideicommisson [Fideicommissormm], RB3Aga some other codex, and containing the fragment of
86o. Extracts, 12. This work was published after an uncertain author De Jure Fisci, had been found
the death of Antoninus Pius. (Dig. 35. tit. 1. s. 90, in the library of Verona before the year 1732, by
Dig. 32. s. 96, Dig. 36. tit. 1. s. 63. ~ 5.) A Liber the celebrated Scipio Maffei. He describes them
sinyu/aris de tacitis Fideicomnmissis, not mentioned in in his Verona Illustrata, Parte Terza, c. 7. p. 464
the Index, is cited, Dig. 34. tit. 9. s. 23. (8vo. Verona, 1732). In his Istoria Teologica
10. De Casibus, j9hAfov ev. Extracts, 7. We (fol. Trento, 1742,) the greater part of both fraghave already explained the purport of this work. ments was first published, and in plate x. a fac11. Regularion [Regularum], ABlgAov'v. There simile was given of part of the writing of the fragis but one extract from this work in the Digest ment De ]nterdictis. From the Istoria Teologica,
(Dig. 1. tit. 7. s. 21), unless there is some error part of this facsimile was copied and republished,
in the Index or in the inscriptions. Gaius appears not very accurately, in the Nouveau Traite de Ditolhave written another treatise in three books on plomatique, vol. iii. p. 208. tab. 46 (Paris, 1757).
Regulae, or rules of law. (Dig. 50. tit. 17. s. 100; Maffei had observed a correspondence between the
Dig. 47. tit. 10. s. 43.) fragment De Interdictis and the 15th title of the
12. Dotalicion [Dotaliciorum]. Though this 4th book of Justinian's Institutes; but, instead of
work is mentioned in the Index, there is not a recognizing Gaius, whose text was the basis of
single extract from it in the Digest. It is probably Justinian's work, he supposed that the leaf he had
the same with the Limer singularis de Re [Voria, found was part of an interpretation or compendium
which was one of'the four libri singulares of Gaius, of Justinian's Institutes, made by some later jurist.
that were used for instruction in the law schools. To Maffei, however, belongs the credit of having
(Const. Onznern, ~ 1.) Of the other three libri sin- first given to the world two pages of the manuscript
gulares, unless they were extracted from the larger of the genuine Gaius.
work on the edict, nothing is known. It had not escaped the notice of Maffei that the
13.'TwroOcKapfas [Ad formulam hypothecariam], manuscript of the letters of St. Jerome was a codex,B6Atov e'v. Extracts, 6. rescriptus. This appears by his unpublished reBesides other titles of works, which have been marks in the Catalogue of the Library; but he did
already incidentally mentioned as not inserted in not know what the subject of the obliterated
the Florentine Index, we read Gaius, ad Edicturm writing was, and was not aware of the connection
Aedilium Curulium Libri duo, in the inscriptions of between that manuscript and the detached leaf
eleven fragments, and Gaius, ad Legem Gliciam, in which had drawn his attention.
the inscription of Dig. 5. tit. 2. s. 4. Of the Lex The fragment concerning Interdicts, published
Glicia no mention occurs elsewhere, and conse- by Maffei, had not been unobserved by Haubold.
quently the genuineness of the inscription has been I-He determined to recal it to the memory of Gerdoubted. (Bynkerschoeck. Obs. ii. 12.) man jurists, and'prepared an essay for that purGreat as are the intrinsic merits of Gaius as a pose, which was published at Leipzig in 1816,
jurist, he yet owes some of his celebrity to the re- under the title of Notitia Fragmenti Veronensis de
cent discovery of his genuine Institutes, in a state Interdictis, and is to be found in his collected Opusso nearly perfect, that the resuscitated treatise forms cula, vol. ii. p. 327-346.
by far the most complete specimen in existence, of By chance, while the essay of Haubold was in
an original unmutilated work, which has suryived preparation, but not yet published, in the year
the wreck of classical Roman jurisprudence. 1816, Niebuhr was despatched to Rome by the
It was a common practice in the middle ages to king of Prussia, as minister to the Apostolic See.
wash out the relics of antiquity, in order to econo- On his way, he spent the greater part of two days
mise the parchment on which they were written. in examining the cathedral library of Verona, and
When washing alone would not expunge the writ- made wonderfully good use of his limited time.
ing-as often happened in the case of manuscripts Beside copying the manuscript of the fragment Do
written on the once hairy side of the parchment- Jure Fisci, he copied, fully and accurately, the
the-characters were further scratched out' with a fragment concerning Interdicts and Prescriptions,
knife. A father of the Church sometimes covered and did not hesitate to ascribe the latter fragment
-the pages which had before contained the works of to its real author, Gaius. IIe proc' eded to exunine