A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

GAIUS. /GAIUS. 19l
" Imperator Antoninus" mentioned in ii..126 is Prinzeps Antoninus mentioned by Gaius in the
hot Caracalla, although the same rescript is erro- former passage, with the Antoninus Augustus, Divi
neously cited by Justinian (Cod. 6. tit. 28. s. 4) as Severi filiu., menitioned by Ulpian in the latter;
one of " MJagzus Antoninus," which is the peculiar but though Caracalla, who is referred to by Ulpian,
designation of Caracalla. In Nov. 78. c. 5, Jus- mitigated the law against donations between hustinian falls into an opposite error, in ascribing to band and wife, it does not follow that Antoninus
Antoninus Pius an act of legislation which be- Pius may not previously have introduced the
longs to Caracalla. (Dion Cass. lxxvii. 9.) It is not partial relaxation of which Gaius treats. In the
until after the middle of the second book of the time of UIpian, there were already several constiInstitutes of Gaius that Antoninus Pius is called tutions upon the subject. (Ulpian. Fraym. vii. 1.)"
Divus —Hodie ex Divi Pii constitutione, ii. 195. We haves said that Gaius was a devoted adheIt appears to us that the inference founded on rent of the school of Sabinus and Cassius. This is
these minutiae, though probable, is not free from now clear beyond dispute from a great number of
doubt. In i. 7, and i. 30, Hadrian is called Divus passages in his Institutes (i. 196, ii. 15, 37, 79,
Hadrianus. In i. 47, we have Hadrianus without 123, 195, 200, 217, 219-223, 231, 244, iii. 87,
the Divus. Again in i. 55, we have Divus Hadria- 98, 103, 141, 167, 168, 177, 178, iv. 78, 79, 114).
nus, and the same epithet is applied to Hadrian in It had formerly been supposed by some that he
every other subsequent passage where his name belonged to the opposite school of Proculus —a
occurs, except in ii. 57. The mention of Antoni- mistake occasioned chiefly by an erroneous internus without the epithet Divus in six passages may pretation of Dig. 40. tit. 4. s. 57. Mascovius and
possibly have no deeper meaning than the similar others were induced to rank him among the
mention of Hadrianus in i. 47 and ii. 57. It Heraiscundi [CAPITo], on account of the phrase
would be rash to assert that we possess the Inlsti- " sententia media reete existimantihm " (Dig. 41. tit.
tutes of Gains precisely as they proceeded from his l. s. 7. ~ 7), coupled with a few passages in the
hand in the first edition. The very passage in Digest (Dig. 17. tit. 1. s. 4, Dig. 22. tit. 1. s. 19),
i. 53, where Antoninus appears to be spoken of as where, notwithstanding his general leaning to Casa living emperor with the epithet sacratissimus is sius, he seems to follow the opinion of Proculus, or
cited in the Digest (Dig. 1. tit. 6. s. 1), and there to quote Proculus with approbation.
we read " ex constitutione DIvi A ntonini. A compa- Gaius was the author of numerous works. The
rison of this fragment, as it appears m the Digest, following list is given in the Florentine Index:with the same passage as it stands in the text of 1. Ad Edictumn P-rovinciale, 3mA9a A'L [libri
GCaits, affords an instructive example of those 32]. Number of extracts from this work in the
slight interpolatlons (enzblemata) and alterations, in Digest, 340. It appears to have been completed in'
which the compilers employed by Justinian in- the lifetime of Antoninus Pius. (Dig. 24. tit. 1.
dulged, and by means of which serious obstacles s. 42, Dig. 2. tit. 1. s. 11.)
are opposed to the discovery of historical truth by 2. Ad Leyes [Juliam et Papiam Poppaeam],
means of minute verbal criticism. The hypothesis Bt~Aia ElEac7rE'vre. (The names added between'
that the Institutes of Gaius, up to ii. 151 (where brackets are the names as they appear in inscripwe have for the last time Iniperator Antoninus, tions of fragments in the Digest.) Number of exwithout Divus), were written in the lifetime of the tracts, 28. Gaius refers to this work in his Instiemperor Pius, is at variance with the probable con- tutes (iii. 54). It seems to have been published
jecture of Gdschen, who thinks that Gaius, in the after the death of Antoninus Pius. (Dig. 31. s. 56.)
lacuna preceding i. 197, treated of a constitution 3. Ad Edictain Urlicum [praetoris urbani], Td
of Marcus. Aopa EUipee'vra i3tCGAa ieCa. Extracts, 47. The
There are other indications from which the age Edictl Interpretatio, which may have designated the
of Gains may be closely inferred. The latest work on the Provincial Edict, together with the:
jurist whom he cites is Salvius Julianus, the com- work on the City Edict, is mentioned by Gaius in
poser of the Edictumn 1'erpetumn under Hadrian; his Institutes (i. 188), and was probably written
and. though there are no fewer than 535 extracts in the reign of Antoninus Pius (Dig. 30. s. 73.
from his works in the Digest, he refers only to ~ 1). The work on the City Edict was divided
thirteen constitutions of emperors, and none of the into tituli, and the subjects of the books and tituli
constitutions he refers to can be proved to be later are occasionally cited in thle inscriptions of fragthan Antoninus Pius. It would appear from the ments. Some of the tituli seem to have formed
inscriptions of the fragments s. 8 and s. 9, in Dig. books by themselves (compare the inscriptions oft
38. tit. 17, that he wrote a liber singularis ad Dig. 7. tit. 7. s. 4, Dig. 10. tit. 4. s. 13, Dig. 38..
senatus consultunz Tertullianumn, and another ad tit. 2. s. 30); others seem to have comprehended
S. C. Orphiitianum. This would bring his life to the several books. There were at least two books De
last years of M. Aurelius; but as there is no Testamnentti, and three De Legatis (Dig. 28. tit. 5.:
mention of these treatises-in the Florentine Index, s. 32 and s. 33, Dig. 30. s. 65, Dig. 30. s. 69, Dig.
aild as treatises on the same subject were written 30. s. 73).
by Paulus, it is not at all unlikely that, in the in- 4. A ureon [Aureorum seu Rerum Quotidianarum],
scriptions we have mentioned, the name Gaius is [3~Atna Vrcid. Extracts, 26. This work, treating
put by mistake for Paulus. The Divus Antoninus of legal doctrines of general application and utility
mentioned by Gaius in the fragments Dig. 35. in every-day life, seems to have formed a compen,
tit. 1. s. 90, Dig. 32. s. 96, Dig. 36. tit. 1. s. 63. dium of practical law. The name Aurea was pro~ 5, and Dig. 31. s. 56, is, undoubtedly, not Ca- bably a subsequent title, not proceeding from the
racalla, but Antoninus Pius. There is not a single author, but given to the work on account of its
passage in which it can be proved that Gaius value. Though, according to the Index Florenrefers to Caracalla. From a comparison of Dig. 24. tinus, it consisted of seven books, only three are
tit. 1. s. 42 with Dig. 24. tit. i. s. 32. pr., an cited in the Digest, whence some have conjectured
attempt indeed has been. made to identify the that the last four books are identical with the In