A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

FEROX. FESTUS.'1 47
qianzsvis Scaevola apud Marcellum dubitans notat, be cited as from Minicius, as in Dig. 19. tit. 1.
and Marcellus lib. aiii Dig. scribit, ubi Scaevola s. 11. ~ 15, where we find Julianus lib. 10 aped
notat? Minicium ait.
These difficulties have induced some legal bio- The foregoing explanation, which is believed to
graphers (Menage, Amoen. Jur. c. 43; Otto, be new, appears to remove some difficulties which
Tiles. Jur. Rom. 1614-5; Guil. Grotius, De Vitis have hitherto perplexedlegalbiographers. [J. T.G.]
Jurisc. ii. 4. ~ 4) to suppose that the word apud FESTI'VUS, AURELIA'NUS, a freedman of
is used inconstantly, sometimes governing the name the emperor Aurelian, wrote a history of the emof the commentator, and sometimes the name of peror Firmus, in which he detailedat great length
the writer who is the subject of commentary. In all the silly and extravagant doings of the latter.
the present case, we believe that Urseius Ferox (Vopisc. Firm. 6.)
bwas junior to Cassius and Proculus, and that he FESTUS, a favourite freedman aud rememcommented upon them in independent works of his brancer (Tri aoiLfaes p4v4$uwqs 7rpoEoro'Cs) of Caown, which were not considered as their works with racalla, by whom he was buried in the Troad, with
his commentaries. We think it unlikely that all the ceremonies observed at the obsequies of
Cassius, his senior, cited Ferox, and therefore are Patroclus. According to Herodian, a report was
disposed to adopt the altered reading of Dig. 44. current that he had been poisoned by the Emperor,
tit. 5. s. 1. ~ 10, which we have already mentioned, who, being seized with the fancy of imitating
and which was first suggested by Guil. Grotius, Achilles; and being at a loss for a dead friend
although we do not regard the alteration as abso- whose fate he might mourn, after the fashion of the
lutely necessary. The only general conclusion we hero, had recourse to this method of supplying the
are able to arrive at, from a comparison of the pas- deficiency. Festus, the chamberlain of Caracalla,
sages we have cited, is, that from such'an expres- must have been a different personage, since he is
sion as apud Ferocem Proculus ait, it is impossible represented by Dion Cassius as alive under Macrito draw any certain inference as to the relative nus, and as taking an active part in the proceedings
date of Ferox and Proculus. We think,'neverthe- for setting up Elagabalus. (Herodian. iv. 14;
less, that the word aped in such connection is Dion Cass. lxxviii. 33.) [W. R.]
used constantly in the same sense, —that the writer FESTUS, ANI'CIUS, was entrusted by Mawhose name it governs is in conception the prin- crinus with the command of Asia, after the disgrace
cipal, and the other the subordinate. Thus Procu- of Asper. Festus had been, on former occasions,
lus apud Ferocern ait means that the saying of Pro- passed over by Severus in the allotment of proculus was contained in the work of Ferox;- vinces. (Dion Cass. lxxxviii. 22.) [W. R.]
whether the saying were contained in the text or FESTUS, PESCE'NNIUS, a senator, put to
in the notes;-if in the text,-whether it were in death without trial by the emperor Severus, A. D.
the original text, or in the received text as altered 196-7, after his victory over Albinus. (Spartian.
bys some subsequent editor;-if contained in the Severus, 13; comp. Dion Cass. lxxv. 8; Herodian.
notes,-whether those notes were expressly written iii. p. 115.) An historian of this name is menupon the text, or were composed of ifll'rstative ex- tioned by Lactantius (Instit. i. 21), in speaking of
tracts from prior or subsequent authors appendc. the -human sacrifices practised at Carthage. Lacto the text. In general, aped seems to govern the tantin s calls the history of Festus Satura, i. e. a
name of a writer whose work has been illustrated miscellany. [W. B. D.]
by notes. In the majority of cases, as in the case FESTUS, SEXT. POMPEIUS, a lexicograof Aristo apud Cassiuam, the notes seem to have pher of uncertain date. He certainly lived after
been expressly written upon the work of the Martial, whom he quoted (s. v. Vespae), and before
author whose name is governed by apeud; but Macrobius, who refers to him more than: once (Sat.
sometimes, as in the case of Servius apud Melam, iii. 3, 5, comp. 8.). From his remarks upon the
it seems that extracts from the writings of a pre- word supparus we conclude that he must have beceding author are either contained in the original longed to an epoch when the ceremonies of the
text, or have been appended as notes by a subse- Christian religion were familiar to ordinary readers,
quent editor. While, then, Servius apud Melam but Saxe has no authority:for fixing him down to
means Servius in Mela, in like manner, A Aristo apud the close of the fourth century (Onomast. A. D. 398).
(assium is a citation of Aristo from a work, which, The name of Festus is attached to a dictionary or
though it contain matter in addition to the text of glossary of remarkable Latin words and phrases,
Cassius, would, upon the whole, be thought of as which is divided into twenty books, and commonly
the work of Cassius. Our supposition that apud bears the title Sexti Pompeii Festi de Verborum
governs the name of the author who is in conception Sig:.aiflcatione. This is a compilation of the highest
the principal, is confirmed by an instance where it value, containing a rich treasure of learning upon
may be doubted which author is the principal, and many obscure points, connected with antiquities,
where, accordingly, a variety of expressions occurs. mythology, and grammar; but'before we can make
Julianus composed a treatise which was compiled use of it with safety it is necessary that we should
from certain books of Minicius, with observations understand the history of the work, and be made
of -his own, as we learn from the inscription of the acquainted with the various constituents of which
extract in Dig. 6. tit. 1. s. 59, which is headed it is composed.
Julianus, lib. 6. ex Minicio. This may be corn- M. Verrius Flaccus, a celebrated grammarian, in
pared with the fuller expression of Gaius (ii. 188), the reign of Augustus [FLAcvs VERRIus], was
in his libris, quos ex Q.. Mucio fecimus. The the author of a very voluminous treatise, De Signifiwork so compiled might easily be thought of, cata Verborum. This was compressed into a mach
either as the work of Julianus, or as the work of. smaller compass by Festus, who made a few alteraMinicius. In the first case it might be cited, as in tions (e. g. s. v. monstrum) and criticisms (e. g. Pictor
Dig. 2. tit. 14. s. 56, where we read Julianus lib. Zeuxis) of his own, inserted numerous extracts from
6 ad Minicium; in the second case. Julianus might other writings of Verrius, such as the le Obscurie
T. 9