A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

NICEPHORUS. NICEPIHORUS. 1181:
Philosophus, in 911; but it is questionable whether vii. p. 437; Hamberger, Nachrichten von gelehrten
they are the production of Callistus, or of some Miinnern.)
other writer. Although Callistus compiled from 4. CHARTOPHYLAX, a Byzantine monk of very
the works of his predecessors, he entirely re- uncertain age, wrote: Solutionurn Epistolae II. ad.
modelled;his materials, and his elegant style caused Theodosium monachum, Graece et Latine, in Leunhim to be called Thucydides ecclesiasticus; while clavius, Jus Graeco-Romanurn, in the twelfth vol.
his want of judgment, his credulity, and his love of Biblioth. Patr. alcaxim., and in Orthodoxogralpi.
of the marvellous, in consequence of which his work He is said to have lived in the. beginning of the
abounds with fables, induced some critics to style ninth century. Fabricius thinks he is the same as
him the Plinius theologorum. He had apparently Nicephorus Diaconus et Chartophylax, who was
studied the classical models, for his style is vastly present at the second council of Nicaea, and was
superior to that of his contemporaries. Of this afterwards raised to the patriarchate: if so, hovwork there exists only one MS., which was origi- ever, he would be identical with Nicephorus, the
nally in the library of Matthias Corvinus, king of famous author of the Breviarium, who was made
Hungary and Bohemia (1458-1490), at Ofen or patriarch in 806. (Cave, Hist. Lit. ad an. 801
Buda. When this city was taken by the Turks Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. pp. 608, 674.)
in 1526, the king's library was carried to Con- 5. CHUMNUS. [CHUMNUS.]
stantinople, where, soon afterwards, the MS. was 6. HIEROMONACHUS. [No. 10.]
purchased by a German scholar, who sold it in his 7. GREGORAS. [GREGORAS.]
turn to the imperial library in Vienna, where it is 8. MONACHUS, a doubtful person, lived about
still kept. Editions: A Latin version by John 1100, according to P. Possinus. One'Nicephorus,
Lang, of Erfurt, Basel, 1553, fol.; the same with a monk, is the author of espt epvAaKiOs Kcap8ias,
scholia, 1560(61); Antwerp, 1560; Paris, 1562, De Custodia Cordis, a very interesting and valuable
1573; Frankfort, 1588, fol.; Paris, 1566, 12 vols. essay, which Possinus published, in Greek and
8vo. The principal edition is by Fronto Ducaeus, Latin, in his Thesaurus Asceticus, Paris, 1648,
Paris, 1630, 2 vols. fol., containing the Greek 4to. (Cave, Hist. Lit. ad an. 1101; Fabric. Bibl,
text, with Lang's translation, both carefully re- Graec. vol. vii. p. 679.)
vised by the editor. 2. ~6brTa'yyua de Templo et 9. PATRIARCHA, the son of Theodorus, the no-Miraculis S. Mariae ad Fontem, extant in MS. in tary or chief secretary of state to the emperor Conithe libraries of the Vatican and of Vienna, the stantine V. Copronymus, was born in 758, held
latter very much damaged. 3. Catalogus Impe- the office of notarius to the emperor Constantine
ratorum Constantinopolitanorum, Versibus iambicis, VI. (780-797), and was present at the second
finishing with Andronicus Palaeologus the elder, council of Nicaea, in 787, where he defended the
who died in 1327; a later hald has added the em- images, for which his father had been twice sent
perors down to the capture of Constantinople. into exile. Disgusted with the court intrigues he
Editio princeps, the Greek text, by John Lang, retired into a convent, and in 806 was raised to the
Basel, 1536, 8vo.; by Labbe in Histor. Protrept. patriarchate, after the death of the patriarch TaraByzant., Paris, 1648; and often, the text or trans- sius. In 814 he strenuously opposed the emperor
lation as an appendix to other works. 4. Catalogus Leo Armenus when this prince issued his famous
Patriarchorume Constantinop., contains 141 persons, edict against the images. Leo, being unable to
the last of whom is Callistus, who was made pa- bend the stern mind of this patriarch, deposed him
triarch by the emperor John Cantacuzenus; later in 815, whereupon Nicephorus retired into the
writers have added to the number; ed. ad calcenm convent of St. Theodore, on one'of the islands of
Elpigrammatu6m Theodori Prodroadi, Basel, 1536, the Propontis. There he died on the 2nd of June,
8vo.; and by Labbe quoted above, who gives a 828. He is sometimes called Homologeta or Consimilar catalogue in prose containing 149 patriarchs. fessor, on account of his firm opposition to the
5. -atalogus Libror. Geneseos, Eaxodi, Levitici, Nu- iconoclasts and his ensuing deposition. Nicephoras
meroeru7m et Deuteronomici, in iambic verses, extant is highly esteemed as the author of several imin MS. 6. Catalogus SS. Patrum Ecclesiae, in portant works, which are distinguished for their ineighteen iambic verses, first published by Fabricius trinsic value as much as for the style in which they
iin Bibl. Graec., quoted below. 7. Catalogus brevis are written. He wrote better than any of his coln-Hymnographoretn Ecclesiae Graecae, nine iambic temporaries; he possessed the rare art of never
verses, published by Fabricius, ibid. vol. xi. p. 81. saying a word too much, nor does he repeat himself,
8. Mlenologiuse Sanctorum, in iambic verses, pub- and he persuades equally through nature and art.
lished by the same, together with Gaulmini Vita His principal works are:
Ml/[osis, Hamburg, 1714, 8vo. 9. Excidium Hiero- 1. Kwvor'rartvov7roAeoos'Io-opia auv'iruos, Bre-'solymitanum,, in 1 50 iambic verses, published with viariu.n Historicum, commonly called Breviarium,
a metrical Latin version, by F. Morellus, inl Ex- one of the best works of the Byzantine period. It
p)ositio Thematunm Dominicorum, &c., Paris, 1620, begins with the murder of the emperor Mauricius
8vo. Further, a great number of hymns, sermons, in 602, and is carried down to the marriage of the'homilies, epistles, &c.; Vita S. Andreae Apostoli, emperor Leo IV. and Irene, in 770. Editio princeps
and other minor productions. Hody, the con- by D. Petavius, with a Latin version and notes,
tinuator of Cave, was of opinion that Anglicani Paris, 1.616, 8vo., together with a fragment of
Schismnatis Reda.qutio, a work which he published Nicephorus Gregoras, the History of Georgius
at Oxford, 1691, 4to., ought to be ascribed to Pachymeres, &c. Other editions, Paris, 1648, fol.,
Nicephorus Callistus, but he afterwards changed with Theophylactus; Venice, 1729. There are
his opinion. See his Letter to a Friend concerning two French translations, one by Monterole, Paris,
a Collection of Canons, Oxford, 1692, 4to. That 1618, 8vo., and the other- by Morel, ib. 1634,
work was written about 1267. (Oudin, Comment. 12mo. 2. C1hronologia Compendiaria s. Tripartita,
de Scri)t. Ecclesiast. vol. iii. p. 709, &c.; Cave, from Adam down to the time of the author. As
Iist. Lit. ad an. 1333; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. early as about 872 this work was translated into