A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

MICHAEL. MICHAEL. 1081
in the throne of CGonstantinople, but died in the to pope Leo X., who reigned from 1513 to 1522.
lifetime of his father. An account of him is given 13. 1uva/oy-y7) lIapo,=LoV, containing 2027 Greek
under ANDIONICUS II. [W. P.] proverbs, a very remarkable little work which
MICHAEL (MLsa7A), Byzantine writers. soon attracted the notice of the lovers of Greek
1. ALEXANDRINUS, patriarch of Alexandria in literature: it was dedicated by the author to Casthe middle of the ninth century, wrote in A. D. parus Uxama, or Osmi, a Spanish prelate, with whom
869 or 870 De Unitate Ecclesiae, a letter addressed Michael met at Rome. Editions: the Greek text
to the emperor Basil I., printed Graece et Latine by Hervagius, Basel, 1558, 8vo.; the text, with a
in the 8th vol. of Labbe's Concil. and in the 5th Latin version and valuable notes, by P. Pantinus
vol. of Hardouin's Concil. (Cave, Hist. Lit. ad an. and A. Scholl, Leyden, 1619, 4to.; also cum
869; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. p. 189.) Clavi Homerica, by George Perkins. (Cave, Hist.
2. ANCHIALUS. [ANCHIALUS.] Lit. ad an. 1440; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xi.
3. APOSTOLIUS, was one of those Greeks who p. 1819.)
contributed to the revival of learning in Italy, 4. ATTALIATA. [ATTALIATA.]
where he settled about 1440. He was an inti- 5. BALSAMON, Magnae Ecclesiae Constantinomate friend of Gemistus Pletho, and an adherent politanae Magnus Chartophylax et Archidiaconus,
of the Platonic philosophy, two circumstances was probably a native of Constantinople. He was
which, together with his own merits, caused him one of the Greek deputies sent in 1438 to the
to be well received by Cardinal Bessarion in Italy. council of Florence, discovered the secret intrigues
The friendship, however, did not last long, and of the Latins, and prognosticated the ultimate fate
poor Michael retired to Candia, where he got a of the union of the two churches to which he sublivelihood by teaching children and copying MSS. scribed reluctantly. He wrote and addressed to
There he died, some time after 1457, for in that the emperor Joannes Palaeologus Anaphora Cleri
year he wrote a panegyric on the emperor Frederic Constantinopolitani, of which Leo Allatius givesafew
III. His principal works are: 1. A defence of fragments in his work De Consensue utriusque EcclePlato against Theodore Gaza, extant in MS. in siae. (Cave, Hist. Lit. ad an. 1440; Fabric.
the Vienna library. 2. Menexenus, a dialogue on Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. 373, note.)
the Holy Trinity, investigating whether the Mo- 6. CBRULARIUS, was chosen patriarch of Conhammedans and Jews are right, in believing a stantinople in 1043, and made himself notorious in
Mono-Deus; or the Christians, in believing a Deus ecclesiastical history by his violent attacks upon
Trin-unus: extant in MS., ibid. 3. Oratio con- the Latin church. He caused so much scandal
sultoria ad Socerum sibi irascendum cum ad se- that pope Leo IX. sent Cardinals Humbert and
cundas transiret nuptias, extant in the Bodleian. Frederic with Peter, archbishop of Amalfi, to Con4. Appellatio ad Constantinumn Palaeologum ulti- stantinople in order to persuade Cerularius to a
mum Imperatorem. 5. Oratio ad loannem Argy- more moderate conduct. Their efforts were not
ropulum. 6. Epistolae XL V.: these letters are only unsuccessful, but they were treated with such
extremely important for the history of the writer's abuse that Humbert excommunicated the virulent
time, as Lambecius asserts, who perused all or patriarch. Cerularius in his turn excommunicated
most of them, and it is to be regretted that none the three legates, and he caused the name of Pope
of them are printed. The first is addressed to Leo IX. to be erased from the diptychs. In 1057
Gemistus, the others to Manuel Chrysolaras, Chal- he prevailed upon the emperor Michael Stratioticus
cocondylas, Argyropulus, Bessarion, and other to yield to his successful rival, Isaac Comnenus,
celebrated men of the time. They are extant in whose interest he took care of for some time.
MS. in the Bodleian; some of them are also to be Differences, however, soon broke out between
found in the Vatican and at Munich. 7. Oratio them; and when he was once quarrelling with
Panegy/rica ad Fredericum III., written about or Isaac about the respective authority of the church
perhaps in 1457; it was published Graece et and the state, he impudently cried out, "I have
Latine by Freherus in the second vol. of his Rerum given you the crown, and I know how to take it
German. Script. 8. Oratio Funebris in Laudemn from you again." Banishment was his due reBessarionis, does credit to the heart of Michael, for ward, and Isaac was about to remove him from his
it seems that the cardinal had not behaved very see when death removed him from the earth
generously towards the poor scholar. Still it is (1058). Cerularits wrote: 1. Decisio Synodica
very questionable whether our Michael is the de XVuptiis in Septimo Gradl. 2. De MatriZmonio
author of it: Bessarion died in 1472; and as prohibito: the former printed Greek and Latin in
Michael, previously to leaving Constantinople, in the third book, and fragments of the latter in the
or before 1440, had enjoyed, during many years, fourth book of Leunclavius, Jus Graeco-Roman.
the friendship of Gemistus, whose name became 3. Epistolae II. ad Petrum Antiochenum, Greek
conspicuous in the very beginning of the 15th and Latin, in the second vol. of Cotelerius, Eccles.
century, and who was a very old man in 1441, he Graec.- Monument. 4. De Sacerdotis Uxore Adulmust have attained a very great age if he survived terio polluta, in Cotelerius, Patres Apostol. 5.
Bessarion. 9. Disceptatio adversus eos qui Occi- YrlueLotua s. Edictum Synodale adversus Latinos
dentales Orientalibus superiores esse contendebant, de Pittacia seu De Excommunicatione a Latinis
extant in MS. in the Bodleian. 10. De Figuris Legatis in ipsumn ab ipso in Legatos vibrata, anno
Grammaticis, which Leo Allatius esteemed so 1054, die septimno Junii factum, Graece et Latine.
highly that he intended to publish it, but was un- in Leo Allatius, De Libr. Eccles. Graecis. 6.
fortunately prevented. 11. An Etymological Die- Homilia, ed. Graece et Latine by Montfaucon,
tionary: doubtful whether still extant; a work of under the title Epistola Synodi Aricaeanae ad
great importance. 12.'Iwvua, Violets, a pleasing Sa2ctam Alexandriae Ecclesiam, Paris, 1715, fol.
title given to a collection of sentences of celebrated There are, farther, extant in MS. fragments of
persons. Arsenius of Malvasia made an extract of several letters, as Contra Rebelles Abbates, Contra
it,'AlroQpOeyluara, Rome, 8vo, which he dedicated Arnmenios, De Homicidio facto in Ecclesia, Do