A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

DAREIUS.
assumed the name of Dareius. IHe was completely
under the power of three eunuchs, Artoxares,
Artibarxanes, and Atholis, and of his wife, Parysatis, by whom, before his accession, he had two
children, a daughter Amistris, and a son Arsaces,
who succeeded him by the name of Artaxerxes (II.
Mnemon). After his accession, Parysatis bore
him a son, Cyrus [CYRUS THE YOUNGERt], and a
daughter, Artosta. He had other children, all of
whom died early, except his fourth son, Oxendras.
(Ctes. 49, ed. Lion.) Plutarch, quoting Ctesias
for his authority, calls the four sons of Dareius
and Parysatis, Arsicas (afterwards Artaxerxes),
Cyrus, Ostanes, and Oxathres. (Artax. I.)
The weakness of Dareius's government was
soon shewn by repeated insurrections. First his
brother Arsites revolted, with Artyphius, the son
of Megabyzus. Their Greek mercenaries, in whom
their strengh consisted, were bought off by the
royal general Artasyras, and they themselves were
taken prisoners by treachery, and, at the instigation of Parysatis, they were put to death by fire.
The rebellion of Pisuthnes had precisely a similar
result. (B. c. 414.) [TISSAPHERNES.] A plot of
Artoxares, the chief eunuch, was crushed in the
bud; but a more formidable and lasting danger
soon shewed itself in the rebellion of Egypt under
Amyrtaeus, who in B. c. 414 expelled the Persians
from Egypt, and reigned there six years, and at
whose death (a c. 408) Dareins was obliged to
recognise his son Pausiris as his successor; for at
the same time the Medes revolted: they were,
however, soon subdued. Dareins died in the year
405-404 B. c., and was succeeded by his eldest
son Artaxerxes II. The length of his reign is
differently stated: it was really 19 years. Respecting his relations to Greece, see Cvrus, LYSANDER, TISSAPHERNES. (Ctes. Pers. 44-56;
Diod. xii. 71, xiii. 36, 70, 108; Xen. Hell. i. 2.
~ 19, ii. 1. ~ 8, Anab. i. 1. ~ 1; Nehem. xii. 22.)
3. DAREIUS III., named CODOnMANNUS before
his accession, was the son of Arsames, the son of
Ostanes, a brother of Artaxerxes II. His mother
Sisygambis was the daughter of Artaxerxes. In
a war against the Cadusii he killed a powerful
warrior in single combat, and was rewarded by the
king, Artaxerxes Ochus, with the satrapy of Armenia. He was raised to the throne by Bagoas,
after the murder of Arses (B. c. 336), in which
some accused him of a share; but this accusation
is inconsistent with the universal testimony borne
to the mildness and excellence of his character, by
which he was as much distinguished as by his
personal beauty. He rid himself of Bagoas, whom
he punished for all his crimes by compelling him
to drink poison. Codomannus had not, however,
the qualities nor the power to oppose the impetuous career of the Macedonian king. [ALmEXANDER
III.] The Persian empire ended with his death,
in B. c. 330. (Diod. xvii. 5, &c.; Justin, x. 3, and
the writers of the history of Alexander.) [P. S ]
DAREIUS (Aape7os), the eldest son of Xerxes
I., was put to death by his brother Artaxerxes, to
whom Artabanus and Spamitres accused him of
the murder of Xerxes, which they had themselves
committed. (B. c. 465.) The story is told, with
some unimportant variations, by the following
writers. (Ctes. Pers. 29, ed. Lion; Diod. xi. 69;
Justin. iii. 1.) [P. S.]
DAREIUS (Aape7os), the eldest son of Artaxerxes II. Mnemnon, was designated as succes

DARES.

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sor to the crown, and permitted to wear the upright tiara, by his father, towards the close of his
life, in order to settle a dispute respecting the succession which had arisen between Dareius and his
younger brother Ochus. Dareius was then fifty
years old. It was customary on such occasions
for the king to make his successor-elect a present
of anything he chose to ask. Dareius asked for
Aspasia, a favourite concubine of his father's.
Artaxerxes left the matter to the lady's choice,
and she preferred Dareius, at which the king was
so enraged, that he broke the solemn promise, and
devoted Aspasia to the service of Artemis. The
resentment of Dareius against his father, and his
jealousy of his brother were inflamed by Tiribazus,
who had received a somewhat similar injury from
Artaxerxes; and the prince formed a conspiracy,
with several of his bastard brothers, against his
father's life, which was detected, and Dareius was
put to death. (Plut. Artax. 26-29; Justin, x.
1, 2.) [P. S.]
DARES (Adpus), was, according to the Iliad (v.
9), a priest of Hephaestus at Troy. There existed in
antiquity an Iliad or an account of the destruction
of Troy, which was believed to be more ancient
than the Homeric poems, and in fact to be the
work of Dares, the priest of Hephaestus. (Ptolemn.
hIephaest. 1; Eustath. ad lHom. Od. xi. 521.)
Both these writers state, on the authority of Antipater of Acanthus, that Dares advised Hector not
to kill Patroclus, and Eustathius adds, that Dares,
after deserting to the Greeks, was killed by Odysseus, which event must have taken place after the
fall of Troy, since Dares could not otherwise have
written an account of the destruction of the city.
In the time of Aelian ( V. 1. xi. 2; comp. Isidor.
Oriy, i. 41) the Iliad of Dares, which he calls
puvyae 'IAuis, was still known to exist; he too
mentions the belief that it was more ancient than
Homer, and Isidorus states that it was written on
palm-leaves. But no part or fragment of this ancient Iliad has come down to us, and it is therefore not easy to form a definite opinion upon the
question. It is, however, of some interest to us,
on account of a Latin work on the destruction oe
Troy, which has been handed down to us, and
pretends to be a Latin translation of the ancient
work of Dares. It bears the title "Daretis Phrygii de Excidio Trojae Historia." It is written in
prose, consists of 44 chapters, and is preceded by
a letter purporting to be addressed by Corn. Nepos
to Sallustius Crispus. The writer states, that
during his residence at Athens he there met witll
a MS. of the ancient Iliad of Dares, written by
the author himself, and that on perusing it, he
was so much delighted, that he forthwith translated it into Latin. This letter, however, is a
manifest forgery. No ancient writer mentions
such a work of Corn. Nepos, and the language of
the treatise is full of barbarisms, such as no person
of education at the time of Nepos could have been
guilty of. The name of Corn. Nepos does not
occur in connexion with this alleged translation
previous to the 14th century. These circumstances
have led some critics to believe, that the Latin
work bearing the name of Dares is an abridgment
of the Latin epic of Josephus Iscanus (Joseph of
Exeter, who lived in the 12th century), and there
are indeed several expressions in the two works
which would seem to favour the opinion, that the
author of the one borrowed from the other; but