A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

AGRAULOS.
AGO'NIUS ('AycIwos), a surname or epithet of
several gods. Aeschylus (Aganm. 513) and Sophocles (Track. 26) use it of Apollo and Zeus, and
apparently in the sense of helpers in struggles and
contests. (Comp. Eustath. ad II. p. 1335.) But
Agonius is more especially used as a surname of
Hermes, who presides over all kinds of solemn
contests. ('Aycves, Paus. v. 14. ~ 7; Pind. Olymp.
vi. 133, with the Schol.) [L. S.]
AGORA'CRITUS ('AyopdKcprLos), a famous
statuary and sculptor, born in the island of Paros,
who flourished from about 01. 85 to 01. 88. (Plin.
I. N. xxxvi. 5. s. 4.) He was the favourite
pupil of Phidias (Paus. ix. 34. ~ 1), who is even
said by Pliny to have inscribed some of his
own works with the name of his disciple. Only
four of his productions are mentioned, viz. a statue
of Zeus and one of the Itonian Athene in the
temple of that goddess at Athens (Paus. 1. c.); a
statue, probably of Cybele, in the temple of the
Great Goddess at Athens (Plin. 1. c.); and the
Rhamnusian Nemesis. Respecting this last work
there has been a great deal of discussion. The
account which Pliny gives of it is, that Agoracritus
contended with Alcamenes (another distinguished
disciple of Phidias) in making a statue of Venus;
and that the Athenians, through an undue partiality towards their countryman, awarded the
victory to Alcamenes. Agoracritus, indignant at
his defeat, made some slight alterations so as to
change his Venus into a Nemesis, and sold it to
the people of Rhamnus, on condition that it should
not be set up in Athens. Pausanias (i. 33. ~ 2),
without saying a word about Agoracritus, says
that the Rhamnusian Nemesis was the work of
Phidias, and was made out of the block of Parian
marble which the Persians under Datis and
Artaphernes brought with them for the purpose of
setting up a trophy. (See Theaetetus and Parmenio, Anthol. Gr. Planud. iv. 12, 221, 222.) This
account however has been rejected as involving
a confusion of the ideas connected by the Greeks
with the goddess Nemesis. The statue moreover
was not of Parian, but of Pentelic marble. (Unedited Antiquities of Attica, p. 43.) Strabo (ix.
p. 396), Tzetzes (Chiliad. vii. 154), Suidas and
Photius give other variations in speaking of this
statue. It seems generally agreed that Pliny's
account of the matter is right in the main; and
there have been various dissertations on the way
in which a statue of Venus could have been
changed into one of Nemesis. (Winckelmann,
Siammtliche Werce von J. Eiselein, vol. v. p. 364;
Zoega, Abhandlungen, pp. 56-62; K. 0. Muller,
Arch. d. Kunst, p. 102.) [C. P. M.]
AGORAEA and AGORAEUS ('Ayopaia and
A'yopaos), are epithets given to several divinities
who were considered as the protectors of the assemblies of the people in the dyopd, such as Zeus
(Paus. iii. 11. ~ 8, v. 15. ~ 3), Athena (iii. 11.
~ 8), Artemis (v. 15. ~ 3), and Hermes. (i. 15..~ 1, ii. 9. ~ 7, ix. 17. ~ 1.) As Hermes was the
Yod of commerce, this surname seems to have re"crence to the dyopd as the market-place. [L. S.]
AGRAEUS ('Ayparos), the hunter, a surname
)f Apollo. After he had killed the lion of Cithae-on, a temple was erected to him by Alcathous at
Icegara under the name of Apollo Agraeus. (Paus.
41. ~ 4; Eustath. ad II. p. 361.) [L. S.]
AGRAULOS or AGRAULE ("A'pavAos or
A?}pavei). 1. A daughter of Actaeus, the first

AGRICOLA. 75
king of Athens. By her husband, Cecrops, she
became the mother of Erysichthon, Agraulos,
Herse, and Pandrosos. (Apollod. iii. 14. ~ 2;
Pans. i. 2. ~ 5.)
2. A daughter of Cecrops and Agraulos, and
mother of Alcippe by Ares. This Agraulos is
an important personage in the stories of Attica,
and there were three different legends about her.
1. According to Pausanias (i. 18. ~ 2) and Hyginus
(Fab. 166), Athena gave to her and her sisters
Erichthonius in a chest, with the express command
not to open it. But Agraulos and Herse could
not control their curiosity, and opened it; whereupon they were seized with madness at the sight
of Erichthonius, and threw themselves from the
steep rock of the Acropolis, or according to Hyginus
into the sea. 2. According to Ovid (Met. ii. 710,
&c.), Agraulos and her sister survived their opening the chest, and the former, who had instigated
her sister to open it, was punished in this manner.
Hermes came to Athens during the celebration of
the Panathenaea, and fell in love with Herse.
Athena made Agraulos so jealous of her sister, that
she even attempted to prevent the god entering
the house of Herse. But, indignant at such presumption, he changed Agraulos into a stone.
3. The third legend represents Agraulos in a
totally different light. Athens was at one time
involved in a long-protracted war, and an oracle
declared that it would cease, if some one would
sacrifice himself for the good of his country.
Agraulos came forward and threw herself down
the Acropolis. The Athenians, in gratitude for
this, built her a temple on the Acropolis, in which
it subsequently became customary for the young
Athenians, on receiving their first suit of armour,
to take an oath that they would always defend
their country to the last. (Suid. and Hesych. s. v.
"AAypavAos; Ulpian, ad Demosth. de fals. leg.; Herod. viii. 53; Plut. Alcib. 15; Philochorus, Fragm.
p. 18, ed. Siebelis.) One of the Attic 8ptosi
(Agraule) derived its name from this heroine, and
a festival and mysteries were celebrated at Athens
in hoinour of her. (Steph. Byz. s. v. 'AypavAe;
Lobeck, Aglaoph. p. 89; Diet. of Ant. p. 30, a.)
According to Porphyry (De A bstin. ab animal. i. 2),
she was also worshipped in Cyprus, where human
sacrifices were offered to her down to a very late
time. [L. S.]
AGRESPHON ('AypC'-wv), a Greek grammarian mentioned by Suidas. (s. v. 'AroAAhdc os.)
HIe wrote a work niepl 'Opwy;,dW (concerning persons of the same name). He cannot have lived
earlier than the reign of Hadrian, as in his work
he spoke of an Apollonius who lived in the time of
that emperor. [C. P. M.]
AGREUS ('AypeVs), a hunter, occurs as a surname of Pan and Aristaeus. (Pind. Pyth. ix. 115;
Apollon. Rhod. iii. 507; Diod. iv. 81; H-esych. s.v.;
Salmas. ad Solin. p. 81.) [L. S.]
AGRI'COLA, GNAEUS JULIUS, is one of
the most remarkable men whom we meet with in
the times of the first twelve emperors of Rome, for
his extraordinary ability as a general, his great
powers, shewn in his government of Britain,
and borne witness to by the deep and universal
feeling excited in Rome by his death (Tac. Agric.
43), his singular integrity, and the esteem and
love which he commanded in all the private relations of life.
His life of 55 years (from June 13th, A. D. 37,