A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CRITIAS.
the same authority, that he lived a temperate life
as long as his connexion with his great master
lasted. (Xen. Mem. i. 2.. 12-18, 39.) From
a fragment of Critias himself (ap. Plut. Ale. 33)
it appears that he was mainly instrumental in procuring the recall of Alcibiades from banishment.
At the time of the murder of the generals who
had been victorious at Arginusae, B. c. 406, we
find him in Thessaly fomenting a sedition of the Penestae against their lords, and endeavouring to set
up democracy in conjunction with one Prometheus,
which has been supposed by some to be a surname
of Jason of Pherae. According to Xenophon, he
had been banished by a sentence of the people,
and this it was which afterwards made him so
rancorous in his tyranny. (Xen. Mcem. i. 2. ~
24, Hell. ii. 3. ~~ 15, 36; Schn. ad loc.) On his
return to Athens he became leader of the oligarchical party, and was chosen to be one of the body
called Ephori, probably not a public and legal,
office, but one instituted among themselves by the
oligarchs for the better promotion of their ends.
(Lys. c. Erat. p. 124; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. iv.
p. 160; Hermann, Polit. Ant. ~ 168.) He was
one of the 30 tyrants established in B c. 404, was
conspicuous above all his colleagues for rapacity
and cruelty, sparing not even Socrates himself, and
took the lead in the prosecutioni of Theramenes
when he set himself against the continuance of the
reign of terror. He was slain at the battle of
Munychia in the same year, fighting against
Thrasybulus and the exiles. (Xen. Hell. ii. 3. ~~
2, 15-56, 4. ~~ 1-19, Mem. i. 2. ~~ 12-38;
Diod. xiv. 4; Plat. Apol. p. 32, c; Cic. Tusc.
Quaest. i. 40.)
Cicero tells us (De Orat. ii. 22), that some
speeches of Critias were still extant in his time,
and speaks of them as marked by the vigour of
matter which distinguished those of Pericles and
by a greater copiousness of style A work of his
on politics is also frequently referred to by several
writers (Athen. xi. p. 463, f; Ael. V. H. x. 13,
17; Clem. Alex. Strom. vi. 2; comp. Plat. Tim. p.
20); some fragments of his elegies are still extanf,
and he is supposed by some to have been the author of the Peirithoiis and the Sisyphus (a satyric
drama), which are commonly reckoned among the
lost plays of Euripides; a tragedy named " Atalanta" is likewise ascribed to him. (Athen. 1. p.
28, b, x. p. 432, e, xi. p. 496, b; Fabric. Bibl.
Graec. ii. pp. 252, 254, 294.) As we might suppose a priori from his character, he was but a
dabbler and a dilettante in philosophy, a circumstance which Plato, with his delicate satire, by
no means loses sight of (see Protag. p. 336), insomuch that it was said of him (Schol. ad Plat. Tim.
p. 20), that he was 18rruT7s P Ly. (ptolro'dpoLs,
i6tho'oPos 8 i iL8d'rais, " a lord among wits, and
a wit among lords." The remains of his poems
have been edited separately by N, Bach, Leipzig,
1827. [E. E.]
CRI'TIAS, a very celebrated Athenian artist,
whose workmanship belongs to the more ancient
school, the description of which by Lucian (Rhetor.
Praecept. c. 9) bears an exact resemblance to the
statues of Aegina. For this reason, and because
the common reading of Pliny (H. N. xxxiv. 19,
in.), " Critias Nestocles," is manifestly corrupt,
and the correction of H. Junius, " Nesiotes," is
borne out by the Bamberg manuscript, Critias was
considered by Muller (Acgin. p. 102) to have

CRITODEMUS. 893
been a citizen of Aegina. But as Pausanias (vi. 3.
~ 2) calls him 'A-TTiKcs, Thiersch (Epoch. p. 129)
assigns his origin to one of the little islands near the
coast of Attica, and Muller (Wien. Jahrb. xxxviii.
p. 276) to the island of Lemnos, where the Athenians established a cleruchia. All these theories
were overthrown by two inscriptions found near
the Acropolis, one of which belongs to a statue
of Epicharinus, who had won a prize running in
arms, mentioned by Pausanias (i. 23. ~ 11), and
should probably be restored thus:
"E7rmXapvos daveO`Kv...
Kpi7Tos ical NrV-yiT's Ereore'advTryV.
From this we learn, first, that the artist's name
was Critios, not Critias; then that Nesiotes in
Pliny's text is a proper name. This Nesiotes was
probably so far the assistant of the greater master,
that he superintended the execution in bronze of
the models of Critios. The most celebrated of
their works were, the statues of Harmodius and
Aristogeiton on the Acropolis. These were erected
B. c. 477. (Marm. Oxon. Epoch. Iv.) Critias was,
therefore, probably older than Phidias, but lived as
late as B. c. 444, to see the greatness of his rival.
(Plin. 1. c.)
(Lucian, Philosoph. 18; Pans. i. 8. ~ 3; Ross,
Kunstblatt, 1840, No. 11.) [L. U.]
CRITOBU'LUS (KpT-d0ovAos), son of Criton,
and a disciple of Socrates. He did not however
profit much by his master's instructions, if we may
trust the testimony of Aeschines the Socratic (ap.
Athen. v. p. 220, a; comp. Casaub. ad loc.), by
whom he is represented as destitute of refinement
and sordid in his mode of living. (Comp. Plat.
Phaed. p. 57; Xen. Mem. i. 3. 8, ii. 6; Athen.
v. p. 188, d; Diog. Labrt. ii. 121.) [E. E.]
CRITOBU'LUS (KpiTdeov.os), a citizen of
Lampsacus, who appeared at Athens as the representative of Cersobleptes in B. c. 346, when the
treaty of peace between Philip and the Athenians
was about to be ratified, and claimed to be admitted to take the oath on behalf of the Thracian
king as one of the allies of Athens. A decree to
this effect was passed by the assembly in spite of
a strong opposition, as Aeschines asserts, on the
part of Demosthenes. Yet when the treaty was
actually ratified before the board of generals, Cersobleptes was excluded from it. Demosthenes and
Aeschines accuse one another of thus having nullified the decree; while, according to Philip's account, Critobulus was prevented by the generals
from taking the oath. (Aesch. de Fals. Leg. p. 39,
Ep. Phil. ad Alth. p. 160; Dem. de Fals. Leg. p.
395; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. v. p. 356.) [E. E.]
CRITOBU'LUS (KptrTo'ovAos), a Greek surgeon, said by Pliny (II. N. vii. 37) to have extracted an arrow from the eye of Philip the son
of Amyntas, king of Macedonia, (probably at the
siege of Methone, B. c. 353) so skilfully that,
though he could not save his sight, he prevented
his face from being disfigured. He is also mentioned by Quintus Curtius (ix. 5) as having
been the person who extracted the weapon from
the wound which Alexander received in storming
the principal fortress of the Mallians, B. c. 326.
[CRITODEMUs.] [W. A. G.]
CRITODE'MUS (Kprr'd6P os), a Greek surgeon of the family of the Asclepiadae, and a
native of the island of' Cos, who is said by
Arrian (vi. 11) to have been the person who
extracted the weapon from the wound which