A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

8148 CONSTANTIUS.
empire was ruled by one man. The administration of the government and the public and private
life of Constantius, approached more and more
those of an Asiatic monarch: eunuchs reigned at
the court, and secret murders, dictated by jealousy
or suspicion, were committed by order of the emperor, whenever justice disdained or was too weak
to assist him in his plans. One of the victims of
his malice was his cousin, Gallus Caesar. Guilty
of negligence, disobedience, and cruelty in his administration of the East, he deserved punishment;
and his guilt became still greater when he put to
death the imperial commissioners, Domitian, praefectus praetorio Orientis, and Montius, quaestor
palatii, who were sent to his residence, Antioch,
to inquire into his conduct, but conducted themselves with the most imprudent haughtines, threatening and defying Gallus, when they ought to
have ensnared him with gentle persuasions and
intrigues, according to their instructions. They
were torn to pieces by the mob excited by Gallus,
who after such an atrocious act seemed to have
had but one means of saving himself from the emperor's resentment,-rebellion. But deceived by
new promises from the artful Constantius, he went
to meet him at Milan. At Petovio in Pannonia
he was arrested, and sent to Pola in Istria, where
he was beheaded in a prison. (A. D. 354.) Julian,
the brother of Gallus was likewise arrested; but,
after having spent about a year in prison and exile,
was pardoned at the intervention of his protectress,
the empress Eusebia, and in November, 355, was
created Caesar and appointed to the command-inchief in Gaul, which was suffering from the consequences of the rebellion of Sylvans.s, who had
assumed the purple, but was ensnared by Ursicinus,
by whom hle was murdered in the church of St.
Severin at Cologne in September, 355.
In 357, Constantius visited Rome, where he
celebrated an undeserved triumph. Imitating the
example of Augustus, he ordered the great obelisk
which stood before the temple of the Sun at Heliopolls to be carried to Rome, where it was erected in
the Circus Maximus. (Having been thrown down,
it was placed by order of pope Sixtus V. before the
portal of the church of St. John Lateran, and is
known as the Lateran obelisk.) From Rome
Constantius went to Illyricum, where his generals
made a successful campaign against the Quadi
and Sarmatians, and thence returned in 359 to
Asia to meet the armies of Sapor, who had once
more invaded Mesopotamia, and taken Amida, now
Diyarbekr, and the minor fortresses of Singara and
Bezabde. Before Sapor appeared in the field,
Gaul was invaded by the Alemanni and the Franks,
but their power was broken in a three years' campaign by Julian, who made Chnodomarius, the
king of the Alemanni prisoner [CHNuDOMaan US];
and not only by his martial deeds, but also by his
excellent administration, which won him the hearts
of the inhabitants, he excited the jealousy of Constantius. Accordingly, orders arrived in Gaul
that the legions employed there should march to
the defence of the East. The pretext for this
command was, that Gaul being tranquil, no great
army was required there, but the real motive was
the fear that Julian might abuse his popularity,
and assume the purple. Instead of preventing
that event, the imprudent order caused it. The
troops refused to march; and Julian having nevertheless brought them into motion, they sud

CONSTANTIUS.
denly proclaimed him emperor. (A. D. 360.) It is
related in the life of Julian how he acted under
these circumstances; his protestations of innocence
were misconstrued; his ambassadors, who met
with Constantius at Caesareia, were dismissed
with anger, and war was declared. Constantius,
with the greater part of his army, marched to the
West, and the empire was on the eve of being
shaken by a dreadful civil war, when the sudden
death of Constantius at Mopsocrene, near Tarsus
in Cilicia (3rd of November, A. D. 361), prevented
that calamity, and made Julian the sole master of
the empire. [JULIANUS.] By his third wife,
Maxima Faustina, Constantius left one daughter,
who was afterwards married to the emperor Gratian. (Amm. Marc. lib. xiv.-xxi.; Zosimus, lib.
ii. iii.; Agathias, lib. iv.; Euseb. Vita Constantin.
lib. iv.; Eutrop. lib. x. 5, &c.; Julian. Orat. i. ii.;
Liban. Orat. iii.-x.; Zonar. lib. xiii.; the authorities referred to under Constantinus II. and Constans I.; Tillemont,Hlisloire des Empereurs.) [W.P.]
COIN OP CONSTANTIUS II.
CONSTA'NTIUS III., emperor of the West,
A. D. 421, was born in Illyria in the latter part
of the 4th century of our aera. He became early
known by his military deeds, and was beloved at
the court of the emperor Honorius, as well as
among the people and the soldiers, for his talents
and amiable yet energetic character, which were
enhanced by extraordinary manly beauty. When
the tyrant Constantine, after his return from Italy,
was besieged in Arles by his rebellious and successful
general, Gerontius, Constantius was despatched by
Honorius to reduce Gaul and Spain to obedience;
but the emperor refrained from sending troops oveC'
to Britain, since this country was then in a hopeless state of revolt against everything Roman. It is
related under Constantine the tyrant [p. 831] how
Constantius, whose first lieutenant was Ulphilas, a
Goth, compelled Gerontius to raise the siege and
to fly to the Pyrenees, where he perished. Constantius then continued the siege; but, although
closely confined, his adversary found means to send
one Edobicus or Edovinchus into Germany, for the
purpose of calling the nations beyond the Rhine to
his assistance. Edobicus soon returned at the
head of a body of Frankish and Alemannic auxiliaries; but, instead of surprising Constantius, the
latter surprised him, having suddenly left his camp,
and marched to attack the barbarians, whom lie
and Ulphilas met with beyond the Rh6ne and defeated entirely. Edovicus was murdered by a
friend in whose house he had taken refuge, and
the murderer presented the head of Edovicus to
the victor, expecting a recompense. With the
virtue of an ancient Roman, Constantius refused
to accept the hideous present, and ordered the
murderer to be turned out of his camp straightway. Constantius hastened back to Arles, resumed the interrupted siege, and forced Constantine to surrender, whose fate is related in his life.
Constantius was rewarded for his victory by