A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

830 CONSTANTIA. CONSTANTINUS.
conquests as far as the frontiers of Mauretania. 365, and who carried his captives with him in all
During the same time the Longobards extended his expeditions, in order to excite his troops by
their conquests in Italy. Despised and hated by their presence. Constantia died before her husall his subjects, Constans lost his life by the hand band Gratian, that is, before 383, leaving no issue.
of an assassin, at least in a most mysterious (Amm. Marc. xxi. 15, xxv. 7, 9, xxix. 6.) [W.P.]
manner, perhaps by the intrigues of orthodox CONSTANTI'NA, FLA'VIA JU'LIA, by
priests. On the 15th of July, 668, he was found some authors named CONSTA'NTIA, daughter of
drowned in his bath at Syracuse. He left three Constantine the Great and Fausta, was married to
sons, Constantine IV. Pogonatus, his successor, Hannibalianus, and received from her father the
Heraclius, and Tiberius. The name of his wife is title of Augusta. Disappointed in her ambitious
not known. (Theophanes, p. 275, &c., ed. Paris; hopes by the death of her husband, she encouraged
Codrenus, p. 429, &c., ed. Paris; Zonaras, vol. ii. the revolt of Vetranio [VETRANIO], and is said to
p. 87, &c., ed. Paris; Glycas, p. 277, &c., ed. have placed the diadem on his brows with her own
Paris; Philo Byzantinus, Libelhls de Septem Orbis hand. She subsequently became the wife of GalSpectaculis, ed. Orelli, Leipzig, 1816, pp. 15, &c., lus Caesar (A. D. 351), and three years afterwards
30, &c., and the notes of Leo Allatius, p. 97, &c.; (A. u. 354) died of a fever in Bithynia. This
Paulus Diaconus (Warnefried), De Gestis Longo- princess, if we can trust the highly-coloured picture
bardorum, iv. 51, &c., v. 6-13, 30; Abulfeda, drawn by Ammianus Marcellinus, must have been
Vita Mlohammed, p. 109, ed. Reiske, Annales, p. a perfect demon in the human form, a female fury
65, &c., ed. Reiske.) [W. P.] ever thirsting for blood, and stimulating to deeds
CONSTA'NTIA. 1. FLAVIA VALERIA CON- of violence and savage atrocity the cruel temper of
STANTIA, also called CONSTANTINA, the daughter of Gallus, who after her death ascribed many of his
Constantius Chlorus Caesar and his second wife, former excesses to her evil promptings.
Theodora, was born after A. D. 292 and before A. D. (Amm. Marc. xiv. 1, &c.; Aurel. Vict. 41, 42;
306, either in Gaul or Britain. She was a half-sister Julian, Epist. ad At/hen. p. 501, ed. 1630; Philosof Constantine the Great, who gave her in marriage torg. Hist. Eccl. iii. 22, iv. 1; Theophan. Chronog.
in 313 to C. Valerius Licinianus Licinius Augustus, p. 37, ed. 1655.) [W. R.]
master of the East. In the civil war which broke CONSTANTFNUS, the second son of Conout between Constantine and Licinius in 323, the stantius Chlorus, and the first whom he had by
latter was entirely defeated at Chrysopolis, now Scu- his second wife, Theodora, was probably murdered
tari opposite Constantinople, and fled to Nicomedeia, by his nephew, the emperor Constantius. He is
where he was besieged by the victor. In order to mentioned only by Zonaras (vol. i. p. 246, ed.
save the life of her husband, who was able neither Paris). There is much doubt respecting him, alto defend the town nor to escape, Constantia went though it appears from Julianus (Epist. ad Pop.
into the camp of her brother, and by her earnest Athen. p. 497, ed. Paris), that Constantius put two
entreaties obtained pardon for Licinius. Afraid, uncles to death; so that we are forced to admit
however, of new troubles, Constantine afterwards three brothers of Constantine the Great, one of
gave orders to put him to death; but this severity whom, Hannibalianus, died before him, while his
did not alter his friendship for his sister, whom he brothers Constantius and Constantinus survived
always treated with kindness and respect. Con- him. The passage in Philostorgius (ii. 4) " MET
stantia was first an orthodox Christian, having oi roArv)' Xpovov (after the empress Fausta was
been baptized by pope Sylvester at Rome; but she suffocated in a bath) Ubr Trov cdieAl&s v cpappdaKOts
afterwards adopted the Arian creed. It appears Karad - NIv KOs i3Eiav 8ia7rpisov'ra davapeOrvae"
that she was governed by an Arian priest, whose says clearly, that at the death of Constantine the
name is unknown, but who was certainly a man of Great there was more than one brother of him
great influence, for it was through him that she alive. [CONSTANTIUS II.] [W. P.]
obtained the pardon of Arius, who had been sent CONSTANTI'NUS, the tyrant, emperor in
into exile in 325, after his opinion had been con- Britain, Gaul, and Spain, was a common soldier in
demned by the council at Nicaea. During the the Roman army stationed in Britain in the benegotiations concerning the recall of Arius, Con- ginning of the fifth century of our aera, during the
stantia fell ill, and, being visited by her brother reign of the emperor Honorius. In A. D. 407 these
Constantine, besought him on her death-bed to troops rebelled, and chose one Marcus emperor,
restore Arius to liberty. She died some time whom they murdered soon afterwards. They then
afterwards, between 328 and 330. She had a son swore obedience to one Gratianus, and having got
by Licinius, whose name was Flavius Licinianus tired of him, they killed him likewise, and chose
Licinius Caesar. (Philostorg. i. 9; Theophan. pp. one of their comrades, Constantine, in his stead.
9, 27, ed. Paris; Euseb. H. E. x. 8; Socrat. i. 2; They had no other motive for selecting him but
Zosim. ii. pp. 17, 28.) the fact that he bore the venerated and royal name
2. FLAVIA MAXIMA CONSTANTIA, the daugh- of Constantine. Although little fitted for the duter of the emperor Constantius II. and his third ties of his exalted rank, Constantine considered
wife, Faustina, was born shortly after the death of that he should soon share the fate of his predecesher father in A. D. 361. In 375 she was destined sors, if he did not employ his army in some serious
to marry the young emperor Gratian, but, on her business. He consequently carried his troops imway.to the emperor, was surprised in Illyria bythe mediately over to Gaul, and landed at Boulogne.
Quadi, who had invaded the country, and would This country was so badly defended, that Constanhave been carried away into captivity but for the tine was recognized in nearly every province before
timely succour of Messalla, the governor of Illyria, the year had elapsed in which lie was invested
who brought her safely to Sirmium. When a with the purple. (A. D. 407.) Stilicho, who was
child of four years, she had the misfortune to be commissioned by the emperor Honorius, sent his
seized with her mother by Procopius, a cousin of lieutenant Sarus, a Goth, into Gaul, who defeated
the emperor Julian, who had raised a rebellion in and killed Justinian, and assassinated Nervigastes,