A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CLEOPHON.
been a womin of great courage and spirit. (Plut.
Luc. 22; Appian, Mith. 108; Justin. xxxviii. 3.)
13. A courtezan of the emperor Claudius. (Tac.
Ann. xi. 30.)
14. A wife of the poet Martial, who has written
an epigram relating to her. (Epig. iv. 21.) [J.E.B.]
CLEOPATRA (KAeo7rairpa), the authoress of a
work on Cosmetics (KooiTt'rtdco, or Koo0'jruTcd),
who must have lived some time in or before the
first century after Christ, as her work was abridged
by Criton. (Galen, De Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos,
i. 3. vol. xii. p. 446.) The work is several times
quoted by Galen (ibid. i. 1, 2, 8, pp. 403, 432, 492,
De Pond. et Mens. c. 10. vol. xix. p. 767), Aetius
(Lib. Medic. ii. 2. 56, p. 278), and Paulus Aegineta. (De Re Med. iii. 2. p. 413.) Though at
first sight one might suspect that Cleopatra was a
fictitious name attached to a treatise on such a subject, it does not really appear to have been so, as,
wherever the work is mentioned, the authoress is
spoken of as if she were a real person, though no
particulars of her personal history are preserved.
A work on the Diseases of Women is attributed
either to this Cleopatra, or to the Egyptian queen;
an epitome of which is to be found in Caspar
Wolf's Volumen Gynaeciorzmn, &c., Basil. 1566,
1586, 1597, 4to. [W. A. G.]
CLEOPHANTUS (KA ae-ros). 1. A Greek
physician, who lived probably about the beginning
of the third century B. c., as he was the tutor of
Antigenes (Cael. Aurel. De Morb. Acut. ii. 10. p.
96) and Mnemon. (Gal. Commeint. in H27ipocr.
" -Epid. III." ii. 4, iii. 71, vol. xvii. pt. i. pp. 603,
731.) He seems to have been known among the
ancients for his use of wine, and is several times
quoted by Pliny (II. N. xx. 15, xxiv. 92, xxvi.
8), Celsus (De Medic. iii. 14. p. 51), Galen (De
Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, ix. 6, vol. xiii. p.
310; De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. vii. 7, vol.
xiii. p. 985; De Antid. ii. 1, vol. xiv. p. 108), and
Caelius Aurelianus (De Morb. Adut. ii. 39, p. 176).
2. Another physician of the same name, who
attended A. Cluentius Avitus in the first century
B. c., and who is called by Cicero " medicus ignobilis, sed spectatus homo" (pro Cluent. 16), must
not be confounded with the preceding. [W.A. G.]
CLEOPHANTUS, one of the mythic inventors of painting at Corinth, who is said to have
followed Demaratus in his flight from Corinth to
Etruria. (Plin. H. N. xxxv. 5.) [L. U.]
CLE'OPHON (KXsoq(pv). 1. An Athenian
demagogue, of obscure and, according to Aristophanes (Ran. 677), of Thracian origin. The
meanness of his birth is mentioned also by Aelian
( V. H. xii. 43), and is said to have been one of
the grounds on which he was attacked by Plato,
the comic poet, in his play called " Cleophon."
(Schol. ad Aristopi. 1. c.) He appears throughout
his career in vehement opposition to the oligarchical
party, of which his political contest with Critias,
as referred to by Aristotle (Rhet. i. 15. ~ 13), is an
instance; and we find him on three several occasions exercising his influence successfully for the
prevention of peace with Sparta. The first of these
was in B. c. 410, after the battle of Cyzicus, when
very favourable terms were offered to the Athenians (Diod. xiii. 52, 53; Wess. ad loc.; Clinton,
F. H. sub anno 410); and it has been thought
that a passage in the " Orestes" of Euripides,
which was represented in B. c. 408, was pointed
against Cleophon and his evil counsel. (See 1. 892,

CLEOSTRATUS. 803
-Karrl TrS' dviroa'racr dvrp rtc dvpo'-yXcoWTros,
c... A.) The second occasion was after the battle
of Arginusae, B. c. 406, and the third after that of
Aegospotami in the following year, when, resisting
the demand of the enemy for the partial demolition
of the Long Walls, he is said to have threatened
death to any one who should make mention of
peace. (Aristot. ap. Schol. ad Aristoph. Ran. 1528;
Aesch. de Fals. Leg. p. 38, c. Ctes. p. 75; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. iv. pp. 89, 125, 158.) It is to
the second of the above occasions that Aristophanes
refers in the last line of the " Frogs," where, in
allusion also to the foreign origin of Cleophon, the
chorus gives him leave to fight to his heart's content in his native fields. During the siege of
Athens by Lysander,. c. 405, the Athenian
council, in which the oligarchical party had a
majority, and which had been denounced by Cleophon as a band of traitorous conspirators, were
instigated by Satyrus to imprison him and bring
him to trial on a charge of neglect of military duty,
which, as Lysias says, was a mere pretext. Before a regular court of justice he would doubtless
have been acquitted, and one Nicomachus therefore, who had been entrusted with a commission
to collect the laws of Solon, was suborned by his
enemies to fabricate a law for the occasion, investing the council with a share in the jurisdiction of
the case. This law is even said to have been
shamelessly produced on the very day of the trial,
and Cleophon of course was condemned and put to
death,-not, however, without opposition from the
people, since Xenophon speaks of his losing his life
in a sedition. (Lys. c. Nicom. p. 184, c. Agor. p.
130; Xen. Hell. i. 7. ~ 35.) The same year had
already witnessed a strong attack on Cleophon by
the comic poet Plato in the play of that name
above alluded to, as well as the notices of him, not
complimentary, in the " Frogs" of Aristophanes.
If we may trust the latter (Thesm. 805), his private life was as profligate as his public career was
mischievous. By Isocrates also (de Pac. p. 174, b.)
he is classed with Hyperbolus and contrasted with
the worthies of the good old time, and Andocides
mentions it as a disgrace that his house was inhabited, during his exile, by Cleophon, the harpmanufacturer. (Andoc. de Myst. p. 19.) On the
other hand, he cannot at any rate be reckoned
among those who have made a thriving and not
over-honest trade of patriotism, for we learn from
Lysias (de Arist. Bon. p. 156), that, though he
managed the affairs of the state for many years, he
died at last, to the surprise of all, in poverty.
(Comp. Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Graec. p. 171
&c.)
2. A tragic poet of Athens, the names of ten of
whose dramas are given by Suidas (s. v.). He is
also mentioned by Aristotle. (Poet. 2, 22.) [E. E.]
CLEOPTO'LEMUS (KXsoTnrXT4 os), a noble
Chalcidian, whose daughter, named Euboea, Antiochus the Great married when he wintered at
Chalcis in B. c. 192. (Polyb. xx. 8; Liv. xxxvi.
11; Diod. Fragm. lib. xxix.) [E. E.]
CLEO'STRATUS (KAeoorrparos), an astronomer of Tenedos. Censorinus (de Die Nat. c. 18)
considers him to have been the real inventor of the
Octa'teris, or cycle of eight years, which was used
before the Metonic cycle of nineteen years, and
which was popularly attributed to Eudoxus. Theophrastus (de Sign. Pluv. p. 239, ed. Basil. 1541)
mentions him as a meteorological observer along
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