A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

760 CIVILIS.
lis; but some of them, rallying under Vocula, retook Magontiacum.
At the beginning of the new year (A. D. 70),
the war assumed a fresh and more formidable character. The news of the death of Vitellius exasperated the Roman soldiers, encouraged the insurgents, and shook the fidelity of the Gauls; while
a rumour was moreover circulated that the winter
quarters of the Moesian and Pannonian legions were
besieged by the Dacians and Sarmatians; and
above all the burning of the Capitol was esteemed
an omen of the approaching end of the Roman empire. Civilis, whose last remnant of dissimulation
was necessarily torn away by the death of Vitellius, gave his undivided energies to the war, and
was joined by Classicus and Julius Tutor, who at
length gained over the army of Vocula. [CLASSIcus; TUTOR; SABINUS.] The besieged legions at
Vetera Castra could now hold out no longer; they
capitulated to Civilis, and took the oath to the empire of the Gauls (in verba Galliarumn), but as they
marched away, they were all put to death by the
Germans, probably not without the connivance of
Civilis. That chieftain, having at length performed
his vow of enmity to the Romans, now cut off his
hair which, according to the custom of the Germans,
he had suffered to grow since the beginning of his
enterprise. (Tac. Germ. 31.) Neither Civilis nor
any others of the Batavians took the oath in verba
Galliarum, which was the watchword of Classicus
and Tutor, for they trusted that, after having disposed of the Romans, they should be able to overpower their Gallic allies. Civilis and Classicus now
destroyed all the Roman winter camps, except
those at Magontiacum and Vindonissa. The Germans demanded the destruction of Colonia Agrippinensis, but it was at length spared, chiefly through
the gratitude of Civilis, whose son had been kept
in safety there since the beginning of the war.
Civilis now gained over several neighbouring states.
IHe was opposed by his old enemy CLAUDIUS LABEO,
at the head of an irregular force of Betasii, Tungri,
and Nervii; and, by a daring act of courage, he
not only decided the victory, but gained the alliance
of the Tungri and the other tribes. The attempt,
however, to unite all Gaul in the revolt completely
failed, the Treviri and the Lingones being the only
people who joined the insurgents. [SABINUS.]
The reports of these events which were carried
to Rome had at length roused Mucianus, who now
sent an immense army to the Rhine, under Petilius
Cerealis and Annius Gallus [CEREALIs; GALLUS.]
The insurgents were divided among themselves,
Civilis was busy among the Belgae, trying to crush
Claudius Labeo; Classicus was quietly enjoying
his new empire; while Tutor neglected the important duty, which had been assigned to him, of
guarding the Upper Rhine and the passes of the
Alps. Cerealis had therefore little difficulty in
overcoming the Treviri and regaining their capital.
[TUTOR; VALENTINUS.] While he was stationed
there he received a letter from Civilis and Classicus, informing him that Vespasian was dead, and
offering him the empire of the Gauls. Civilis now
wished to wait for succours from beyond the Rhine,
but the opinion of Tutor and Classicus prevailed,
and a battle was fought on the Mosella in which
the Romans, though at first almost beaten, gained
a complete victory, and destroyed the enemy's
camp. Colonia Agrippinensis now came over to
the Romans; but Civilis and Classicus still made a

CLARUS.

brave stand. The Canninefates destroyed the
greater part of a Roman fleet, and defeated a body
of the Nervii, who, after submitting to Fabius
Priscus, the Roman legate, had of their own accord
attacked their former allies. Having renewed his
army from Germany, Civilis encamped at Vetera
Castra, whither Cerealis also marched with increased
forces, both leaders being eager for a decisive battle.
It was soon fought, and Cerealis gained the victory
by the treachery of a Batavian; but, as the Romans had no fleet, the Germans escaped across the
Rhine. Here Civilis was joined by reinforcements
from the Chauci; and, after making, with Verax,
Classicus, and Tutor, one more effort which was
partially successful, to hold his ground in the island
of the Batavi, he was again defeated by Cerealis,
and driven back across the Rhine. Emissaries
were sent by Cerealis to make private offers of
peace to the Batavians, and of pardon to Civilis,
who found that he had no alternative but to surrender. He obtained an interview with Cerealis
on a bridge of the river Vahalis. The History of
Tacitus breaks off suddenly just after the commencement of his speech. (Tac. Hist. iv. 12-37,
54-79, v. 14-26. Joseph. Bell. Jud. vii. 4. ~ 2;
Dion Cass. Ixvi. 3.) [P. S.]
CLANIS, the name of two mythical beings.
(Ov. Met. v. 140, xii. 379.) [L. S.]
CLARA, DI'DIA, daughter of the emperor
Didius Julianus and his wife Manlia Scantilla.
She was married to Cornelius Repentinus, who was
appointed praefectus urbi in the room of Flavius
Sulpicianus; she received the title of Augusta upon
her father's accession, and was deprived of it at
his death. Her effigy appears upon coins, but
these are of great rarity. (Spartian. Julian. 3, 8;
Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 151.) [W. R.]
CLA'RIUS (KAdipios), a surname of Apollo,
derived from his celebrated temple at Claros in
Asia Minor, which had been founded by Manto,
the daughter of Teiresias, who, after the conquest
of her native city of Thebes, was made over to the
Delphic god, and was then sent into the country,
where subsequently Colophon was built by the
lonians. (Paus. vii. 3. ~ 1, ix. 33. ~ 1; Tacit.
Ann. ii. 54; Strab. xiv. p. 642; Virg. Aen. iii.
360; comp. Muller, Dor. ii. 2. ~ 7.) Clarius also
occurs as a surname of Zeus, describing him as the
god who distributes things by lot (KrAtpos or tcAjpos, Aeschyl. Suppl. 360). A hill near Tegea was
sacred to Zeus under this name. (Paus. viii. 53.
~ 4.) [L. S.]
CLARUS, a cognomen of a noble Roman family in the second century of the Christian aera.
1. C. SEPTICIUS CLARUS, a brother of No. 2,
and an uncle of No. 3, was an intimate friend of
the younger Pliny, who dedicated to him his
Epistles, and speaks of him as one " quo nihil
verius, nihil simplicius, nihil candidius, nihil fidelius novit." (Ep. ii. 9.) Several of Pliny's Epistles are addressed to him (i. 1, 15, vii. 28, viii. 1).
Clarus was appointed Praefectus Practorio by Hadrian, but removed from this office soon afterwards,