A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

"758 CITHAERON.
Muller, where the name is also written Cespeus
and Cispius.)
No persons of this name, however, occur till
the very end of the republic. The only cognomen
of the gens is LAEVUs: for those whose surname
is not mentioned, see CisPIUs.
CI'SPIUS. 1. M. CISPIUS, tribune of the
plebs, B. c. 57, the year in which Cicero was recalled from banishment, took an active part in Cicero's favour. The father and brother of Cispius
also exerted themselves to obtain Cicero's recall,
although he had had in former times a law-suit
with the family. On one occasion the life of Cispius was in danger through his support of Cicero;
he was attacked by the mob of Clodius, and driven
out of the forum. In return for these services
Cicero defended Cispius when he was accused of
bribery (ambitus), but was unable to obtain a verdict in his favour. (Cic. pro. Plane. 31, post red.
in Sen. 8, pro Sext. 35.)
2. L. CisrPis, one of Caesar's officers in the
African war, commanded part of the fleet. (Hirt.
B. Afr. 62, 67.) He is perhaps the same as the
Cispius Laevus, whom Plancus mentions in a letter
to Cicero in B. c. 43. (Cic. ad Fam. x. 21.)
3. CISPIUS, a debtor of Cicero's. (Cic. ad Att.
xii. 24, xiii. 33.) Whether he is the same as
either of the preceding, is uncertain.
CISSEUS (KtLo-o's), a king in Thrace, and
father of Theano or, according to others, of Hecabe,
(Horn. 11. vi. 295, xi. 223; Eurip. lec. 3; Hygin.
Fab. 91; Virg. Aen. vii. 720; Serv. ad Aen. v. 535.)
There are two other mythical beings of the name
of Cisseus. (Apollod. ii. 1. ~ 5; Virg. Aen. x.
317.) [L. S.]
CI'SSIDAS (Kso-lnSas), a Syracusan, commanded the body of auxiliaries which Dionysius I. sent,
for the second time, to the aid of Sparta. (B. c.
367.) He assisted Archidamus in his successful
attack on Caryae, and in his expedition against
Arcadia in the same year. But during the campaign in Arcadia he left him, as the period fixed
for his stay by Dionysius had now expired. On
his march towards Laconia he was intercepted by a
body of Messenians, and was obliged to send to
Archidamus for assistance. The prince having
joined him with his forces, they changed their
route, but were again intercepted by the combined
troops of the Arcadians and Argives. The result
was, the defeat of the latter in that which has
been called the " Tearless Battle." (Xen. Hell. vii.
1. ~~ 28-32; see p. 267, b.) [E. E.]
CITE'RIUS SIDO'NIUS, the author of an
epigram on three shepherds, which has no poetical
merits, and is only remarkable for its quaintness.
It is printed in Wernsdorff's Po'tae Latini inores (vol. ii. p. 215), and in the Anthologia Latina
(ii. Ep. 257, ed. Burmann, Ep. 253, ed. Meyer).
Its author appears to be the same as the Citerius, one of the professors at Bourdeaux, and
the friend of Ausonius, commemorated in a poem
of the latter. (Prof. Burdig. xiii.) We learn
from Ausonius that Citerius was born at Syracuse,
in Sicily, and was a grammarian and a poet. In
his hyperbolical panegyric, Ausonius compares him
to Aristarchus and Zenodotus, and says that his
poems, written at an early age, were superior to
those of Simonides. Citerius afterwards settled at
Bourdeaux, married a rich and noble wife, bat died
without leaving any children.
CITH-IAERON (KtIOaep,), a mythical king in

CIVILIS.
Boeotia, from whom mount Cithaeron was believed
to have derived its name. Once when Hera was
angry with Zeus, Cithaeron advised the latter to
take into his chariot a wooden statue and dress it
"up so as to make it resemble Plataea, the daughter
of Asopus. Zeus followed his counsel, and as he
was riding along with his pretended bride, Hera,
overcome by her jealousy, ran up to him, tore the
covering from the suspected bride, and on discovering that it was a statue, became reconciled to
Zeus. (Paus. ix. 1, ~ 2, 3. ~.) Respecting
the festival of the Daedala, celebrated to commemorate this event, see Diet. of Ant. s.v. [L. S.]
CI'VICA CEREA'LIS. [CRnEALIS.]
CIVI'LIS, CLAU'DIUS, was the leader of the
Batavi in their revolt from Rome, A. D. 69-70.
The Batavi were a people of Germanic origin, who
had left the nation of the Catti, of which they
were a part, and had settled in and about the island
which is formed by the mouths of the Rhenus
(Rhine) and Mosa (Maas). The important position which they occupied led the Romans to cultivate their friendship, and they rendered good service to Rome in the wars in Germany and Britain,
under the early emperors. When Rome gave up
the idea of subduing Germany, the nations west of
the Rhine, especially those of Germanic origin, began to feel a hope of settingthemselves free. The
civil wars afforded an opportunity for the attempt,
and the oppressions of the imperial legates furnished the provocation. It was out of such an act of
oppression that the rebellion of Civilis sprung."
Julius Paulus and Claudius Civilis were brothers+
of the Batavian royal race, and excelled all their
nation in personal accomplishments. On a false
charge of treason, Nero's legate, Fonteius Capito,
put Julius Paulus to death, A. D. 67 or 68, and sent
Civilis in chains to Nero at Rome, where he was
heard and acquitted by Galba. He was afterwards
prefect of a cohort, but under Vitellius he became
an object of suspicion to the army, who demanded
his punishment. (Compare Tac. list. i. 59.) He
escaped the danger, but he did not forget the affront. He thought of Hannibal and Sertorius, like
whom he had lost an eye; and, being endowed, says
Tacitus, with greater mental power than is common
among barbarians, lie began the execution of his
schemes of enmity to Rome under the pretence of
supporting the cause of Vespasian. In order to
understand the events which occurred at this period
in the Germanies and Gaul, it must be remembered
that the legions of Germany were Vitellius's own
troops, who had called him to the purple, and who
remained steadfast to his cause to the very last.
The legates, on the other hand, early chose the side
of Vespasian, and it was not without reason that
they were accused by their soldiers of treasonable

"* In the following narrative it is necessary to
bear in mind the distinction between Germany, properly so called, and the two Gallic provinces on the
left bank of the Rhine, which, from their population being chiefly of Germanic origin, were called
the Germanies (Germania Inferior, and Germania
Superior). The scene of the war with Civilis was
on the left bank of the Rhine, and chiefly in Germania Inferior.
t Tacitus (Hist. i. 59) also calls Civilis Julius,
and so do other writers. (Plut. Erot. 25, p. 770:
where, however, Julius Tutor is possibly meant,
Frontin. Slrat. iv. 3. ~ 14.)