A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

706 CITHONIA.
written, with an inquiry into its authenticity, and
has added very much hitherto unpublished, together with the principal ancient lives of Chrysostom. Montfaucon was a Benedictine monk, and
was assisted by others of his order. Of separate
works of Chrysostom the editions and translations
are almost innumerable. Erasmus translated some
of the homilies and commentaries; and the edition
of two homilies (those on 1 Cor. and 1 Thess. iv.)
" Gr. Lat. interprete Joanne Cheko, Cantabrigiensi,
Londini, ap. Reyner Vuolfuin. 1543" is interesting as the first book printed with Greek types in
England. Some of the homilies are translated in
the Library of the Fathers now publishing at Oxford, and those on St. Matthew have been recently edited by the Rev. F. Field, Fellow of
Trin. Coll. Cambridge. The number of MSS. of
Chrysostom is also immense: the principal of these
are in the royal library at Paris, the imperial
library at Vienna (to which collection two of great
value were added by Maria Theresa), and that of
St. Mark at Venice. [G. E. L. C.]
CHRYSO'STOMUS, DION. [DION.]
CHRYSO'THEMIS (Xpvo-o06,es). There are
four mythical females of this name (Hygin. Fab.
170, Poet. Astr. ii. 25; Diod. v. 22; Hom. II. ix.
287), and one male, a son of Carmanor, the priest
of Apollo at Tarrha in Crete. He is said to have
been a poet, and to have won the first victory in
the Pythian games by a hymn on Apollo. (Paus.
x, 7. ~ 2.) [L. S.]
CHRYSO'THEMITS (Xpvcrdetis) and EUTE'LIDAS (EvreA1ias), statuaries of Argos, made in
bronze the statues of Damaretus and his son Theopompus, who were each twice victorious in the
Olympic games. The victories of Demaretus were
in the 65th and 66th Olympiads, and the artists
of course lived at the same time (B. c. 520 and onwards). Pausanias describes one of the statues,
and quotes the inscription, which contained the
names of the artists, and which described them as
rexvav Eildres ie irpore'pwv, which appears to
mean that, like the early artists in general, they
each belonged to a family in which art was hereditary. (x. 6. ~ 2.) [P. S.]
CHRYSUS (Xpveo's), the fourteenth (or thirteenth) of the family of the Asclepiadae, was the
youngest son of Nebrus, the brother of Gnosidicus,
and the father of Elaphus; and lived in the sixth
century B. c. in the island of Cos. During the
Crissaean war, while the Amphyctions were besieging the town of Crissa in Phocis, the plague
broke out among their army. Having consulted
the oracle of Delphi in consequence, they were
directed to fetch from Cos " the young of a stag,
together with gold," which was interpreted to
mean Nebrus and Chrysus. They accordingly
persuaded them both to join the camp, where
Chrysus was the first person to mount the wall at
the time of the general assault, but was at the
same time mortally wounded, B. c. 591. He was
buried in the hippodrome at Delphi, and worshipped by the inhabitants as a hero (e'vanyifc). (Thessali Oratio, in Hippocr. Opera, vol. iii. p. 836,
&c.) [W. A. G.]
CHTHO'NIA (X6ovia), may mean the subterraneous, or the goddess of the earth, that is, the
protectress of the fields, whence it is used as a
surname of infernal divinities, such as Hecate
(Apollon. Rhod. iv. 148; Orph. Hymn. 35. 9),
Nyx (Orph. Hymn. 2. 8), and Melino8 (Orph.

CHUMNUS.
Hymn. 70. 1), but especially of Demeter. (Herod.
ii. 123; Orph. JHymn. 39. 12; Artemid. ii. 35;
Apollon. Rhod. iv. 987.) Although the name, in
the case of Demeter, scarcely requires explanation,
yet mythology relates two stories to account for it.
According to one of them, Clymenus and Chthonia,
the children of Phoroneus, founded at Hermione a
sanctuary of Demeter, and called her Chthonia
from the name of one of the founders. (Paus. ii.
35. ~ 3.) According to an Argive legend, Demeter
on her wanderings came to Argolis, where she was
ill-received by Colontas. Chthonia, his daughter,
was dissatisfied with her father's conduct, and,
when Colontas and his house were burnt by the
goddess, Chthonia was carried off by her to Hermione, where she built a sanctuary to Demeter
Chthonia, and instituted the festival of the Chthonia in her honour. (Paus. ii. 35. ~ 3; Dict. of Ant.
s. v. X0dsua.) A third mythical personage of this
name occurs in Apollodorus (iii. 15. ~ 1). [L. S.]
CHTHO'NIUS (Xeo'vos) has the same meaning
as Chthonia, and is therefore applied to the gods of
the lower world, or the shades (Hom. II. ix. 457;
Hesiod. Op. 435; Orph. Hymn. 17. 3, 69. 2, Argon. 973), and to beings that are considered as
earth-born. (Apollod. iii. 4. ~ 1; Apollon. Rhod.
iv. 1398.) It is also used in the sense of "gods
of the land," or "native divinities." (Apollon.
Rhod. iv. 1322.) There are also several mythical
personages of the name of Chtlhonius. (Apollod. ii.
1. ~ 5, iii. 4. ~~ 1, 5; Ov. Met. xii. 441; Diod.
v. 53; Paus. ix. 5. ~ 1; Hygin. Fab. 178.) [L.S.]
CHUMNUS, GEORGIUS, a native of Candace or Chandace, in the island of Crete, lived
most probably during the later period of the Greek
empire. He wrote a history in verse, beginning
with the creation of the world and going down to
the reign of David and Solomon, kings of Judaea,
which is extant in MS. in the imperial library at
Vienna, and was formerly in the library of John
Suzzo (Susius) at Constantinople. (Fabric. Bibl.
Graec. xii. p. 43; Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. ii. D. p.
13.) [W. P.]
CHUMNUS, MICHAEL, a Graeco-Roman
jurist and canonist, who was nomophylax, and
afterwards metropolitan of Thessalonica. He is
said by Pohl (ad Suares. Notit. Basil. p. 138, n.
[a.]) to have lived in the 13th century, in the
time of Nicephorus Blemmydas, patriarch of Constantinople, and to have been the author of va,
rious works. He is cited by Mat. Blastares
(Leunc. J. G. R. i. pp. 482, 487), and is known
by a short treatise on the degrees of relationship (7repi T'rv PaXerap'a [qu. apcv] vi rjs trvy'yeelas), inserted in the collection of Leunclavius (i. p. 519). By Suarez (who erroneously
identifies Chumnus and Domnus), Chumnus is
mentioned among the scholiasts upon the Basilica
(Notit. Basil. ~ 42), but this seems to be an error.
(Backing, Institutionen, Bonn, 1843, i. p. 108, n.
48; Heimbach, de Basil. Orig. p. 87.) [J. T. G.]
CHUMNUS, NICE'PHORUS, renowned as
a statesman, a philosopher, and a divine, lived in
the latter part of the 13th and in the beginning of
the 14th century. He was probably a native of
Constantinople, and belonged undoubtedly to one
of the first families in the Greek empire. Enjoying the confidence and friendship of the emperor
Andronicus Palaeologus the elder, he was successively appointed praefect of the Canicleus, keeper
of thle imperial seal-ring, and magnus stratope