A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CHARMI DES.
CH A'RITON (Xairwv), an oculist, who lived
m or before the second century after Christ, as one
of his medical formulae is quoted by Galen (De
Antid. ii. 13. vol. xiv. p. 180), and also by Aetius
(iv. 1, 18, p. 620). He is also mentioned in an
ancient Latin inscription, which is explained at
length by C. G. Kiihn, in his Index Medicorum
Ocidariorem inter Graecos Romanosque, Lips. 1829,
4to., fasc. ii. p. 3, &c. See also Kiuhn's Additam.
ad Elench. Medic. Vet. a J. A. Fabricio, ic. e.xhibitum, Lips. 1826, 4to., fasc. iv. [W. A. G.]
CHARI'XENA (Xapiý'va), a lyric poetess,
mentioned by Eustathius, who calls her roi'nrpla
Krpovud'rwv. (Ad Iliad. ' 711.) Aristophanes alludes to her in a passage which the Scholiast and
lexicographers explain as a proverbial expression
implying that she was " silly and foolish." (Ecclesiaz. 943; Suidas, s. v.; Etymol. Mag. and Hesychius, s. v. Erl Xapi vti]s.) She is said to have
been also a flute-player, and an erotic poetess.
(Etym.Al Mg. and Hesych. 1. c.) Nothing is known
of her time or country. The reference to her as
an erotic poetess has been understood as indicating
that she belonged to the Aeolic lyric school; and
the words of Hesychius (ipxaia o3vra) perhaps
imply that she lived at a very early period. [P. S.]
CHARI'XENUS (Xaplevos) or CHARI'XENES (XapiýEivs), a physician, who probably
lived in the first century after Christ, as he is
mentioned by Asclepiades Pharmacion. Several of
his medical formulae have been preserved by
Galen and Aetius. (Gal. De Compos. Medicam.
sec. Loc. iii. 3, v. 3, vii. 2, 4, 5, vol. xii. pp. 685,
829, xiii. pp. 48, 49, 50, 82, 102; Aet. De iMed.
ii. 4, 52, p. 406.) [W. A. G.]
CHA'RMADAS, philosopher. [CHARMIDES.]
CHA'RMIDES (Xapgidns). 1. An Athenian,
son of Glaucon, was cousin to Critias and uncle by
the mother's side to Plato, who introduces him in
the dialogue which bears his name as a very young
man at the commencement of the Peloponnesian
war. (Comp. Heind. ad Plat. Charm. p. 154, and
the authorities there referred to.) In the same
dialogue he is represented as a very amiable youth
and of surpassing beauty, and he appears again in
the "Protagoras" at the house of Callias, son of
Hipponicus. [See p. 567, b.] We learn from
Xenophon, that he was a great favourite with Socrates, and was possessed of more than ordinary
ability, though his excessive diffidence deprived
his country of the services which he might have
rendered her as a statesman. In n. c. 404 he was
one of the Ten who were appointed, over and
above the thirty tyrants, to the special government
of the Peiraeeus, and he was slain fighting against
Thrasybillus at the battle of Munychia in the same
year. (Xen. Mesm. iii. 6, 7, Hell. ii. 4. ~ 19;
Schneid. ad loc.)
2. Called also Charmadas by Cicero, a disciple
of Cleitomachus the Carthaginian, and a friend and
companion (as he had been the fellow-pupil) of
Philo of Larissa, in conjunction with whom he is
said by some to have been the founder of a fourth
Academy. He flourished, therefore, towards the
end of the second and at the commencement of the
first century B. c. Cicero, writing in B. c. 45,
speaks of him as recently dead. (Tusc. Disp. i. 24.)
On the same authority we learn, that he was remarkable for his eloquence and for the great compass and retentiveness of his memory. His philosophical opinions were doubtless coincident with

CHARON. 689
those of Pc1uLo. (Cic. Acad. Quaesi. iv. 6, Orat. 16,
de Orat. ii. 88; Plin. H. N. vii. 24; Fabric. Bibl.
Graec. iii. p. 167, and the authorities there referred to.) [E. E.]
CHARMI'NUS (Xapyuvos), an Athenian general, who is first mentioned by Thucydides as coming to Samos in B. c. 412. Samos was at this time
the head-quarters of the Athenian fleet, and the
force there amounted to upwards of 100 ships, of
which 30 were detached to besiege Chios, while
the rest (and with them Charminus) remained to
watch the Spartan fleet under the high-admiral
Astyochus at Miletus. He was detached a very
short time afterwards with twenty vessels to the
coast of Lycia, to look out for the Spartan fleet
conveying the deputies who were to examine the
complaints made against Astyochus. On this service he fell in with Astyochus, who was himself
on the look-out to convoy his countrymen. Charminus was defeated, and lost six ships, but escaped
with the rest to Halicarnassus. We afterwards
find him assisting the oligarchical party at Samos in
the ineffectual attempt at a revolution. (Thuc. viii.
30, 41, 42, 73; Aristoph. Thesnmoph. 804.) [A.H.C.]
CHARMI'N US, a Lacedaemonian, was sent by
Thibron, the Spartan harmost in Asia, to the Cyrean
Greeks, then at Selymbria and in the service of
Seuthes, to induce them to enter the Lacedemonian
service against Persia, B. c. 399. (Xen. Anab. vii.
6. ~ 1, &c., Hell. iii. 1. ~ 6; Diod. xiv. 37.) On
this occasion he defended Xenophon from the i!putation thrown out against him by some of the
Cyreans, of treacherous collusion with Seuthes to
defraud them of their pay, and he also aided them
in obtaining what was due to them from the
Thracian prince. A great portion of this consisted
in cattle and slaves, and the sale of these and the
distribution of the proceeds was undertaken, at
Xenophon's request, by Charminus and his colleague, Polynicus, who incurred much odium in
the management of the transaction. (Xen. Anab.
vii. 6. ~ 39, 7. ~~ 13-19, 56.) [E. E.]
CHARMIS (Xedpgs), a physician of Marseilles,
who came to Rome in the reign of Nero, A. D. 54
-68, where he acquired great fame and wealth
by reviving the practice of cold bathing. (Plin.
H. N. xxix. 5.) He is said to have received from
one patient two hundred thousand sesterces, or
15621. 10s. (Plin. H. N. xxix. 8.) He was also
the inventor of an antidote which was versified by
Damocrates, and is preserved by Galen. (De Antid.
ii. 1, 4, vol. xiv. pp. 114, 126.) [W.A. G.]
CHAROE'ADES (Xapoidhrs), called Chariades
by Justin (iv. 3), was joined in command with
Laches in the earliest expedition sent from Athens
to Sicily (a. c. 427), and was killed soon afterwards. (Thuc. iii. 86, 90; Diod. xii. 54.) [A. H. C.)
CHARON (Xdpwv), a son of Erebos, the aged
and dirty ferryman in the lower world, who conveyed in his boat the shades of the dead-though
only of those whose bodies were buried-across
the rivers of the lower world. (Virg. Aen. vi. 295,
&c.; Senec. Here. fur. 764.) For this service he
was paid by each shade with an obolus or danace,
which coin was placed in the mouth of every dead
body previous to its burial. This notion of Charon
seems to be of late origin, for it does not occur in
any of the early poets of Greece. (Paus. x. 28.
~ 1; Juven. iii. 267; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1666.)
Charon was represented in the Lesche of Delphi
by Polygnotus. [L. S.]
2 v