A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CELSUS.
written was thereby disqualified from being one of
the attesting witnesses. "Juventius Celsus Labeoni suo salutem. Aut non intelligo de quo me
consulueris, aut valde stulta est consultatio tua:
plus enim quam ridiculum est dubitare, an aliquis
jure testis adhibitus sit, quoniam idem et tabulas
testamenti scripserit." (Dig. 28. tit. 1. s. 27.)
This question and this answer obtained such undesirable celebrity among civilians, that silly questions were called Quaestiones Domitianae, and blunt
answers Responsiones Celsinae.
He wrote-1. Digestorum Libri XXXIX. after
the order of the praetor's edict. Seven books of
this work, viz. xxx-xxxvi, were occupied by a
commentary on the Lex Julia et Papia Poppaea.
This is the only one of the works of Celsus of
which pure fragments are preserved in the compilations of Justinian, and perhaps the only one
then extant. It belongs, according to Blume's
theory, to the Classis Edictalis of the Digest.
2. Epistolae, of which Ulpian (Dig. 4. tit. 4. s. 3.
~ 1) cites the llth book. 3. Quaestiones, which,
according to a citation of Ulpian (Dig. 34. tit. 2.
s. 19. ~ 3), consisted of at least 19 books. 4. Commentarii, of which the 7th book is cited by Ulpian.
(Dig. 34. tit. 2. s. 19. ~ 6.) 5. Institutiones, in
7 books, according to the testimony of the old
scholiast on Juvenal (vi. 243). Gravina (Orig.
Jur. Civ. lib. i. ~ 49, p. 68) says, that Celsus left
a work De Usucapionibus, in which he refers to
his father; but this statement is given without
authority, and appears to be an error partly
copied from Panciroli (de Claris Leg. Interp. p. 44),
who cites a passage in the Digest (Dig. 41. tit. 2.
s. 47) referring not to Celsus, but to Nerva filius.
(Heinecc. de Juventio Celso, Op. ii. pp. 518-532;
Schott. de Quaestione Donzmiiana, Lips. 1771;
Hub. Greg. van Vryhoff, Observ. Jzr. Civ. c. 35;
Neuber, Die juristiche Klassiker, pp. 133-145;
Kiimmerer, Beitriige zur Gesch. u. T/heorie des Rem.
Rechts, i. No. 3, pp. 208-226.) [J. T. G.]
CELSUS, P. MA'RIUS, consul in A. D. 62
(Fasti), was the commander of the fifteenth legion
in Pannonia, with which he was sent to join Corbulo in his expedition against the Parthians in 64.
On the death of Nero in 68, Celsus joined Galba's
party, at which time he is spoken of as consul
designatus, but whether he had been nominated to
the consulship by Nero or by Galba is uncertain.
He was one of the ablest and most faithful of
Galba's supporters; and when the troops rebelled
against the new emperor, Celsus was sent to endeavour to propitiate the detachment of the Illyrian
army which had encamped in the Vipsanian porticus. It was probably thought that Celsus would
have more influence with this army than any one
else, on account of his former connexion with it:
but he was unable to quell the insurrection. The
death of Galba soon followed, and Otho obtained
the sovereignty. The life of Celsus was now in
great danger; the partizans of Otho loudly demanded his execution; but Otho, who appreciated
his fidelity to his late master, not only spared his
life, but admitted him to the circle of his most intimate friends. Celsus served Otho with the same
fidelity as he had the late emperor. He was sent,
together with Suetonius Paullinus and Annius
Gallus, in command of the army to oppose the
generals of Vitellius, who were advancing into
Italy. At first he and his colleagues were completely successful; in the campaign on the Po, in

CENAEUS. 663
the neighbourhood of Placentia and Cremona, they
defeated all the plans of Caecina, the general of
Vitellius [CAECINA, No. 9]; and it was not till
the latter had been joined by Fabius Valens, and
Otho had resolved, against the advice of Celsus as
well as Suetonius Paullinus, to risk a battle, that
the aspect of affairs was changed. The battle of
Bedriacum, in which Otho's army was defeated,
gave Vitellius the empire; but Celsus, who had
remained faithful to Otho to the last, again did not
suffer for his fidelity. Vitellius allowed him to
enter on the consulship on the calends of July
(A. D. 69), as had been arranged from the first.
(Tac. Ann. xv. 25, Hist. i. 14, 31, 39, 45, 71,
77, 87, 90, ii. 23, 33, 60.)
CELSUS, PA'PIUS. Celsus appears as a
surname of the Papia gens on several coins of the
republican period, but does not occur in any ancient writer. Two of the most remarkable of these
coins are given below. On the obverse the former
contains a youthful head with a trophy behind it,
CUM,, 10,
the latter the head of Juno Sospita. The reverse
of both represents the same subject, namely, a wolf
with a piece of wood in its mouth, and an eagle
standing before a burning heap of wood. This
subject appears to refer to a legend related by
Dionysius (i. 59) in connexion with the foundation
of Lavinium by the Trojans. He tells us, that the
forest in which the city was afterwards built took
fire of its own accord, and that a wolf was seen
bringing dry wood to feed the flame, which was
fanned by an eagle with its wings; but that a fox
at the same time tried to extinguish the fire by its
tail, which had been dipped in water; and that it
was not till after several efforts that the wolf and
eagle were able to get rid of him. Now we know
that the Papia gens came originally from Lanuvium,
which was also one of the chief seats of the worship
of Juno Sospita. Hence it has been conjectured,
that Dionysius has made a mistake in referring
this legend to Lavinium: but it is not improbable
that the same story may have been told, in later
times, of the foundation of each city.
CELSUS, L. PUBLI'CIUS, consul under Trajan in A. D. 113 (Fasti), was so much esteemed by
this emperor, that he had a statue erected to his
honour. He was, however, a personal enemy of
Hadrian's, and accordingly the latter caused him
to be put to death at Baiae immediately after his
accession, A. D. 117. (Dion Cass. Ixviii. 16, Ixix.
2; Spartian. Hadr. 4, 7.)
CENAEUS (Krvaoos), a surname of Zeus, derived from cape Cenaeum in Euboea, on which the