A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

604 CAPITOLINUS.
these Antoninus Pius and L. Verus are inscribed to Diocletian, who is also addressed in M. Aurelius (c. 19); Pertinax and Maximus with Balbinus bear no inscription; the rest are inscribed
to Constantine. Salmasius, following the authority of the Palatine MSS., assigns the first
five to Spartianus, and acknowledges the sixth,
seventh, and 8th only, as the genuine productions
of Capitolinus; but these are points on which it is
foolish, in the absence of all satisfactory evidence,
internal or external, to hazard even an opinion.
The editio princeps of the Historiae Augustae
Scriptores was printed at Milan in 1475 by Philip
de Lavagna, in a folio volume divided into three
parts, of which the first contains Suetonius; the
second a piece entitled de exordio Nervae, followed
by the Augustan Historians; the third Eutropius
and Paulus Diaconus. It is excessively rare, and
bears a high price. It was reprinted at Venice by
Bernardinus, fol. 1489, and by Rubeus, fol. 1490.
These lives are also to be found in various miscellanies containing the history of the Caesars which
appeared during the 16th century; but they were
first brought out in an independent form at
Paris, 4to. 1603, under the inspection of Isaac
Casaubon; this was followed by the edition of
Salmasius, fol. Par. 1620, which exhibits a text
greatly improved by a careful examination of MSS.
and copious notes containing a prodigious but illdigested mass of erudition. The most useful edition is that by Schrevelius (Lugd. Bat. 1671); but
much remains to be done, for palpable corruptions
appear in every page.
(Dodwell, Praelect.Academ. 8vo, Oxford, 1692;
Heyne, Opuse. Academ. vol. vi. p. 52, &c.; Gu. de
Moulines, Mimoires sur les Ecrivains de l'Histoire
A uguste, in M6moires de l'Acadimie de Berlin, 1750;
Godofred. Muscovius, Oratio de Usu et Praestantia
Hist. August. in Jure Civili, in his Opusc. Juridica
ct Philolog. 8vo. Lips. 1776; H. E. Dirksen, Die
Script. Histor. August. 8vo. Lips. 1842.) [W. R.]
CAPITOLI'NUS, P. MAE'LIUS, twice consular tribune, in B. c. 400 and 396. (Liv. v. 12,
18.) [L. S.]
CAPITOLI'NUS, MA'NLIUS. 1. M. MANLIUS CAPITOLINUS, consular tribune in B. c. 434.
(Liv. iv. 23.)
2. L. MANLIUS CAPITOLINUS, consular tribune
in B. c. 422. (Liv. iv. 42.)
3. A. MANLIUS A. F. CN. N. CAPITOLINUS VULso, thrice consular tribune, in B. C. 405, 402, and
397. In B. c. 390 he was one of the ambassadors
whom the senate sent to Delphi, to dedicate there
the golden crater which Camillus had vowed. In
the straits of Sicily the ambassadors fell in with
pirates of Lipara and were made prisoners, but
they were restored to freedom and treated with
distinction at Lipara, when it became known who
they were. (Liv. iv. 61, v. 8, 16, 28.)
4. M. MANLIUS T. F. A. N. CAPITOLINUS, the
famous deliverer of the Capitol from the Gauls,
was consul in B. c. 392 with L. Valerius Potitus.
An insignificant war was carried on in that year
against the Aequians, for which Manlius was
honoured with an ovation, and his colleague with a
triumph. Rome was visited at the time by a pestilence, and as the two consuls were seized with
it, they were obliged to abdicate, and an interreign
followed. In B. c. 390, when the Gauls one night
endeavoured to ascend the Capitol, Manlius,whose
residence was on the Capitol, was roused from his

CAPITOLINUS.
sleep by the cackling of the geese, and on discovering the cause of it, he and as many men as he could
collect at the moment hastened to the spot where
the Gauls were ascending, and succeeded in repelling them. This gallant and successful deed was
rewarded the next day by the assembled people
with all the simple and rude honours and distinctions which were customary at the time. He is
said to have received the surname of Capitolinus
from this circumstance; but this is probably a mistake, as it had become a regular family-name in
his gens before his time, and he would thus have
inherited it from his father. In B. c. 387 he was
appointed interrex, but two years later, B. C. 385,
he abandoned the cause of the patricians, to whom
he belonged, and placed himself at the head of the
plebeians, who were suffering severely from their
debts and the harsh and cruel treatment they experienced from their patrician creditors. The
motive, however, from which Manlius came forward to support them was not pure; it appears
that after his delivery of the Capitol he was so intoxicated with his exploit, that he could not bear
seeing any man placed on an equality with or
raised above himself, and it is even believed that
he harboured the scheme of making himself tyrant
or king of Rome. With such or similar intentions
he excited the plebeians against their oppressors,
who became so alarmed that they resolved upon
the appointment of a dictator, A. Cornelius Cossus.
While the dictator was absent from Rome, Manlius
had recourse to violence to rescue the plebeians
from the hands of their creditors, and conducted
himself altogether like a complete demagogue.
When the dictator returned to the city in order to
put a stop to the proceedings of Manlius, he summoned Manlius to appear before him. The rebel
came accompanied by a host of plebeians; but the
dictator had him arrested by one of his viators and
consigned to prison as a seditious citizen. The
plebeians, though they did not venture anything
against the orders of the dictator, displayed their
grief by putting on mourning for their champion,
and gathering around his prison. The attempts of
the senate to allay the indignation of the plebeians
by assignments of land, only irritated them the
more, as they regarded these favours as bribes to
betray their patron, and the insurrection rose to
such a height, that the senate and patricians saw
themselves obliged to liberate Manlius. By this
step, however, nothing was gained; the plebeians
now had a leader, and the insurrection instead of
decreasing spread further and further. In the
year following, B. c. 384, the Romans had not to
fight against any foreign enemy, and as Manlius
did not scruple to instigate the plebs to open
violence, the consular tribunes of the year received
orders, viderent ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Manlius was charged with high-treason,
and brought before the people assembled in the
campus Martius, but as the Capitol which had once
been saved by him could be seen from this place,
the court was removed to the Poetelinian grove
outside the porta Nomentana. Here Manlius was
condemned, notwithstanding his former military
glory and his appeals to the gratitude of the people, and the tribunes threw him down the Tarpeian
rock. The members of the Manlia gens considered
that he had brought disgrace upon them, and accordingly resolved that none of them should ever
have in future the praenomen of Marcus. (Liv. v.