A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CALLISTIATUS.
Stobaeus (Floril. c. 14) has preserved a fragment of
it which belonged to the twenty-third book. [L. S.]
CALLISTO (KaAuXo--rT), is sometimes called a
daughter of Lycaon in Arcadia and sometimes of
Nycteus or Ceteus, and sometimes also she is described as a nymph. (Schol. ad Eurip. Orest. 1642;
Apollod. iii. 8. ~ 2; comp. Hygin. Poet. Astr. ii. 1.)
She was a huntress, and a companion of Artemis.
Zeus, however, enjoyed her charms; and, in order
that the deed might not become known to Hera,
he metamorphosed her into a she-bear. But, notwithstanding this precaution, Callisto was slain by
Artemis during the chase, through the contrivance
of Hera. Areas, the son of Callisto, was given by
Zeus to Maia to be brought up, and Callisto was
placed among the stars under the name of Arctos.
(Apollod. 1. c.) According to Hyginus, Artemis
herself metamorphosed Callisto, as she discovered
her pregnancy in the bath. Ovid ({Met. ii. 410,
&c.) makes Juno (Hera) metamorphose Callisto;
and when Areas during the chase was on the point
of killing his mother, Jupiter (Zeus) placed both
among the stars. The Arcadians shewed the tomb
of Cailisto thirty stadia from the well Cruni: it
was on a hill planted with trees, and on the top of
the hill there was a temple of Artemis Calliste or
Callisto. (Paus. viii. 35. ~ 7.) A statue of Callisto
was dedicated at Delphi by the citizens of Tegea (x.
9. ~ 3), and in the Lesche of Delphi Callisto was
painted by Polygnotus, wearing the skin of a bear
instead of a dress. (x. 31. ~ 3.) While tradition
throughout describes Callisto as a companion of
Artemis, Miller (Dor. ii. 9. ~ 3) endeavours to
shew that Callisto is only another form of the name
of Artemis Calliste, as he infers from the fact, that
the tomb of the heroine was connected with the
temple of the goddess, and from Callisto being
changed into a she-bear, which was the symbol of
the Arcadian Artemis. This view has indeed nothing surprising, if we recollect that in many other
instances also an attribute of a god was transformed by popular belief into a distinct divinity. Her
being mixed up with the Arcadian genealogies is
thus explained by Miller: the daughter of Lycaon
means the daughter of the Lycaean Zeus; the mother of Areas is equivalent to the mother of the
Arcadian people. [L. S.]
CALLISTO, a female Pythagorean, to whom
Theano, the wife of Pythagoras, addressed a letter
on the proper way of governing a family. The
letter is extant, and printed in the Aldine collection published at Rome in 1499, and at Geneva,
with the Latin translation, in 1606. (Fabric. Bibl.
Graec. ii. p. 10.) [A. G.]
CALLISTONICUS (KaXAoh'ir cos), a Theban statuary mentioned by Pausanias (ix. 16. ~ 1),
made a statue of Tyche carrying the god Plutus.
The face and the hands of the statue were executed
by the Athenian Xenophon.. [W. I.]
CALLI'STRATUS (KahXIorpa'ros), historical.
1. Son of Empedus, is mentioned by Pausanias as
the commander of a body of Athenian cavalry in
Sicily during the expedition of Nicias. When his
countrymen were nearly cut to pieces at the river
Assinarus, B. c. 413, Callistratus forced his way
through the enemy and led his men safe to Catana.
Thence returning to Syracuse, he attacked those
who were plundering the Athenian camp, and fell,
selling his life dearly. (Paus. vii. 16; comp. Thuc.
vii. 84, 85.)
2. One of the body of knights under the com

CALLISTRATUS. 577
mand of Lysimachus, who were employed by the
government of the Ten to keep in check the exiles
under Thrasybulus in the Peiraeeus. Lysimachus
having massacred some countrymen, with whom
he fell in as they were going from the Peiraeeus to
their farms to procure provisions, the party in the
harbour, having got Callistratus into their hands,
retaliated by putting him to death, B. c. 403.
(Xen. Hell. ii. 4. ~ 27.) In B. c. 410, this Callistratus had been treasurer of the goddess. Perhaps also he was the originator of the practice of
paying the poorer citizens for their attendance at
the assembly (,utr0s EdKccA7-La-LacKS); but B6ckh
thinks that the introduction of this salary is more
probably to be referred to the son of Empedus.
(Publ. Econ. of Athens, bk. ii. ch. 14.)
3. An Athenian orator, son of Callicrates of
Aphidna, and nephew of the notorious Agyrrhius.
(Dem. c. Timocr. p. 742.) We first hear of him
in B. c. 379, as connected with the oligarchical
party, and as sending to Thebes to warn Leontiades of the intended attempt on the Cadmeia by
the exiles under Pelopidas; and yet in the following year, 378, he was joined with Chabrias and
Timotheus in the command of the forces which
iwere despatched to the assistance of Thebes against
Agesilaus. (Plut. de Gen. Socrat. 31; Xen. Hell.
v. 4. ~ 34; Died. xv. 29.) Still, however, he appears as the supporter at Athens of Spartan interests. Thus, in 373, he joined Iphicrates in the
prosecution of Timotheus, who had been most active against Sparta in the western seas, and had,
in fact, by his restoration of the Zacynthian exiles,
caused the renewal of war after the short peace of
374. (Dem. c. Timoth. pp. 1187, 1188; Xen.
Hell. vi. 2. ~~ 11-13, comp. v. 4. ~ 64, &c., vi.
2. ~~ 2, 3.) In 373 also, but before the trial of
Timotheus, Callistratus had been appointed commander, together with Iphicrates and Chabrias, of
the forces destined for Corcyra,-and this at the
request of Iphicrates himself, to whom (according
to one mode of interpretating the words of Xenophon, ov i a'Aa ebrirsamjeloVy OVr) he had hitherto
been opposed. (Xen. Hell. vi. 2. ~ 39; compare
Schneid. Epimetr. ad loc.; Thirlwall's Greece, vol.
v. p. 63, note 2; Bockh, Publ. Econ. of Athens,
p. 419, note 497, 2nd. edit.; Dem. c. Timoth.
p. 1187.) Soon, however, he induced Iphicrates
to consent to his returning to Athens, promising
either to obtain for him a supply of money, or to
bring about a peace; and in 371 accordingly we
find him at Sparta with the ambassadors,-himself
apparently without that title,-who were empowered to negotiate peace for Athens. On this
occasion Xenophon records a speech delivered by
him after those of Callias and Autocles, and the
only pertinent and sensible one of the three. (Xen.
Hell. vi. 3. ~~ 3, 10, &c.; see Died. xv. 38, 51,
who in the former passage assigns the mission of
Callistratus to B. c. 375, confounding the peace of
371 with that of 374, and placing the latter a
year too soon.) Again, in 369, the year of the invasion of Laconia by Epaminondas, Callistratus
induced the Athenians to grant the aid which the
Spartans had sent to ask. (Dem. c. Neaer. p.
1353; comp. Xen. Hell. vi. 5. ~ 33, &c.) To B. c.
366 we may with most probability refer his famous
speech on the affair of Oropus,-a speech which is
said to have excited the emulation of Demosthenes,
and caused him to devote himself to the study of
oratory. It would seem that, after the seizure of
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