A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CALLIPPUS.
with Aristotle (who mentions him Metaph. xi. 8),
and assisted that philosopher in rectifying and
completing the discoveries of Eudoxus. (Simplic.
in lib. II. de Coel. p. 120, a.) His observations are
frequently referred to by Geminus and Ptolemy
in their meteorological calendars (see Gemiinus,
Elem. Astron. cap. 16, in Petav. Uranolog. p. 64, &c.
and Ptol. (pdo'rs dartXavcv dao-rpwv Kal o'vvaeywcy
E7rurLpsaoLCuv, ibid. p. 71, &c.), and were probably
made at Cyzicus, since Ptolemy (ad fin.) says, that
Callippus observed at the Hellespont. Such calendars were fixed in public places, for common use,
and hence called 7rapaTrjypara: they record the
times of the different risings and settings of the
fixed stars, with the rseo-Jpo-iat, or principal
changes in the weather supposed to be connected
with them, as deduced from the observations of
various astronomers. Callippus invented the period
or cycle of 76 years, called after him the Callippic.
Several attempts had been previously made to discover intervals of time of moderate length, which
should be expressible in whole numbers by means
of each of the three natural units of time-the solar
year, the lunar month, and the solar day: and, in
particular, Meton, about a century before, had observed the remarkable approximation to equality
between 19 years and 235 months, and had introduced the celebrated cycle of 19 years, which he
also assumed to contain 6940 days. This would
make the year = 365-5 days; and, therefore, Callippus, observing that the difference between this
and the more correct value 3654 was -- - =?x^ = f---, proposed to quadruple the Metonic
period, and then subtract one day. He supposed,
that 76 years = 940 months = 27759 days; both
of which suppositions are considerably nearer the
truth than Meton's. (Geminus, El. Ast. cap. 6,
Uranolog. p. 37.) If we take the mean values of
the year and month, in days, to be 365-2422414
and 29-5305887215 respectively, then 76 years
=27758d 91 50"1 54s, and 940 months = 27758d
18h 4m 54s nearly; but these numbers would not
be strictly accurate in the time of Callippus.
The Callippic period seems to have been generally
adopted by astronomers in assigning the dates of
their observations; and the frequent use which
Ptolemy makes of it enables us to fix the epoch of
the beginning of the first period with considerable
certainty. It must have begun near the time of the
summer solstice, since Ptolemy refers to an observation of that solstice made at the end of the 50th year
(rýV' res 'TE yovr') of the first period (/-ey. orv'Trae.
iii. 2, vol. i. p. 163, ed. Halma); and out of a number of other observations recorded by the same
writer, all but two, according to Ideler, indicate
the year B. c. 330, whilst four of them require the
evening of June 28 for the epoch in question. It
is not certain at what time the period came into
civil use; it would naturally be employed not to
supersede, but to correct from time to time, the
Metonic reckoning. The inaccuracy of the latter
must have become quite sensible in B. c. 330; and
it is evident, from the praise which Diodorus (xii.
36) bestows upon it, that it could not have remained uncorrected down to his time. (Ideler,
Hist. Untersuch. iiber die Astron. Beobachtungen der
Alten, Berlin, 1806, p. 214, &c., Handbuch der
Technischen Chronologie, Berlin, 1825, vol. i. p.
344, &c.; Petavius, Doctrin. Temp. ii. 16; Scaliger, De Emend. Temp. lib. ii.; Delambre, Hist. de
1'Astron. Ancienne, vol. i. p. 200.) [W. F. D.]

CALLISTHENES. 575
CALLIPYGOS (KaAhirvuos), a surname of
Aphrodite, of which the origin is related by Athenaeus. (xii. p. 554; comp. Alciphron, i. 39.) We
still possess some representations of Aphrodite Callipygos, which are distinguished for their great
softness, luxuriancy, and roundness of form. (Hirt,
M/ythol. Bilderb. i. p. 59.) [L. S.]
CALLI'RRHOE (KaAAMhWPd). 1. A daughter
of Oceanus, who was the mother of Geryones and
Echidna by Chrysaor. (Hesiod, ITeog. 351, 981;
Apollod. ii. 5. ~ 10.) By Neilus she was the mother of Chione, and by Poseidon of Minyas. (Serv.
ad Aen. iv. 250; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 686.)
2. A daughter of Achelous and wife of Alcmaeon,
whom she induced to procure her the peplus and
necklace of Harmonia, by which she caused her
husband's death. [ALCMAEON.] Callirrhoe then
requested Zeus, with whom she lived in close intimacy, to grant that her sons by Alcmaeon might
grow up to manhood at once, in order that they
might be able to avenge the death of their father.
Zeus granted the request, and Amphoterus and
Acarnan killed the murderers of their father, the
sons of Phegeus, at Delphi, and afterwards Phegeus himself also. (Apollod. iii. 7. ~ 6.)
3. A daughter of Scamander, the wife of Tros,
and mother of Ilus and Ganymedes. (Apollod. iii.
12. ~ 2.)
4. A maiden of Calydon, who, when she was
loved by Coresus, a priest of Dionysus, rejected all
the offers he made to her. At length, he implored
his god to punish the cruel maid. Dionysus now
visited the people of Calydon with a general madness, which raged there like a plague. The Dodonaean oracle, which was consulted about the mode
of averting the calamity, answered, that Dionysus
must be propitiated, and that Callirrhoe must be
sacrificed to him, or some one else in her stead.
The maiden endeavoured in vain to escape her fate;
but when she was led to the altar, Coresus, instead
of performing the sacrifice, felt his love for her revive so strongly, that he sacrificed himself in her
stead. But she also now put an end to her life
near a well which derived its name from her.
(Paus. vii. 21. ~ 1.) There are two more mythical
personages of this name. (Steph. Byz. s. v. 'AAdGav8a; Plut. Parallel. Gr. et Rom. 23.) [L. S.]
CALLISTE (KaAALhhor), a surname of Artemis,
by which she was worshipped at Athens and
Tegea. (Paus. i. 29. ~ 2, viii. 35. ~ 7.) [L. S.]
CALLI'STHENES (KaAAhto-hr s). 1. A philosopher, born at Olynthus. His mother, Hero,
was a cousin of Aristotle's, and by him Callisthenes
was brought up, studying under him at Stageira,
together, as we may infer, with Alexander, and
certainly with Theophrastus, with whom Aristotle
is said to have contrasted him, saying, that Theophrastus needed the rein, but Callisthenes the
spur [but see p. 317, b.]. When Alexander set
forth on his Asiatic expedition, B. c. 334, he took
Callisthenes with him by Aristotle's recommendation. The latter, however, was aware of the
faults of his kinsman's character, of his total want
of tact and prudence, and of his wrong-headed
propensity to the unseasonable exhibition of his
independent spirit; and against these he warned
him to guard in his intercourse with the king.
The warning was given in vain. Callisthenes
became indignant at Alexander's adoption of oriental customs, and especially at the requirement
of the ceremony of adoration, which he deemed