A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

572 CALLIMACIIUS.
Theseus hospitably when he went out to fight
against the Marathonian bull. This work was
likewise paraphrased by Marianus, and we still
possess some fragments of the original. The works
entitled FaAdrEta and FraVicos were in all probability likewise epic poems. It appears that there
was scarcely any kind of poetry in which Callimachus did not try his strength, for he is said to
have written comedies, tragedies, iambic, and
choliambic poems. Respecting his poem Ibis see
APOLLONIUS RHODIUS.
Of his numerous prose works not one is extant
entire, though there were among them some of the
highest importance. The one of which the loss
is most to be lamented was entitled fliva 7ra'vro4aTr@w 'v 'y'YpasfMdTrwv, or rivatcs TrV Iv E' do ra
waeia oiaAauai"/dvTwv Kal v w' -e'uypa/av, in 120
books. This work was the first comprehensive
history of Greek literature. It contained, systematically arranged, lists of the authors and their
works. The various departments of literature appear to have been classified, so that Callimachus
spoke of the comic and tragic poets, of the orators,
law-givers, philosophers, &c., in separate books, in
which the authors were enumerated in their
chronological succession. (Athen. ii. p. 70, vi. p.252,
xiii. p. 585, xv. p. 669; Diog. Laert. iv. 23, viii.
86.) It is natural to suppose that this work was
the fruit of his studies in the libraries of Alexandria, and that it mainly recorded such authors as
were contained in those libraries. His pupil Aristophanes of Byzantium wrote a commentary upon
it. (Athen. ix. p. 408, viii. 336; Etym. Mag.
s. v. Hiva4.) Among his other prose works we
find mentioned the following:-1. Movoe-Eov,which
is usually supposed to have treated of the Museum
of Alexandria and the scholars connected with
it. 2. rIepl dyw'vwv. 3. 'EOvcal dovogaoiai. 3.
0avfdAa' or Oaviod.r"ov rWv els irac-av 'nrv -ysv
ial rdTrovs 6vrov ovvaycy?7, a work similar, though
probably much superior, to the one still extant by
Antigonus Carystius. 4. 'T'ro0sf4Iara a rTopLcd.
5. No6zpa JBapgapucd. 6. Krios'a v5rwov e!Kal
'rAQoewv. 7."Apyous oliciaoj'oi. 8. IHep! dc&wUov. 9.
IIepi "'opvwv. 10. vvaywyd T7rorTauv, or repil
nh'v Ev oleouvcvyp sro-raic^v, &c., &c. A list of his
works is given by Suidas, and a more complete one
by Fabricius. (Bibl. Grace. iii. p. 815, &c.)
The first edition of the six hymns of Callimachus appeared at Florence in 4to., probably
between 1494 and 1500. It was followed by the
Aldine, Venice, 1513, 8vo., but a better edition,
in which some gaps are filled up and the Greek
scholia are added, is that of S. Gelenius, Basel,
1532, 4to., reprinted at Paris, 1549, 4to. A more
complete edition than any of the preceding ones is
that of H. Stephanus, Paris, 1566, fol. in the collection of " Poetae principes Heroici Carminis."
This edition is the basis of the text which from
that time has been regarded as the vulgate. A
second edition by H. Stephanus (Geneva, 1577,
4to.) is greatly improved: it contains the Greek
scholia, a Latin translation, thirty-three epigrams
of Callimachus, and a few fragments of his other
works. Henceforth scarcely anything was done
for the text, until Th. Graevius undertook a new
and comprehensive edition, which was completed
by his father J. G. Graevius. It appeared at
Utrecht, 1697, 2 vols. 8vo. It contains the notes
of the previous editors, of R. Bentley, and the famous commentary of Ez. Spanheim. This edition

CALLIMACHUS.
is the basis of the one edited by J. A. Ernesti at
Leiden, 1761, 2 vols. 8vo., which contains the
whole of the commentary of Graevius' edition, a
much improved text, a more complete collection of
the fragments, and additional notes by Hemsterhuis and Ruhnken. Among the subsequent editions we need only mention those of Ch. F.Loesner
(Leipzig, 1774, 8vo.), H. F. M. Volzer (Leipzig,
1817, 8vo.), and C. F. Blomfield (London, 1815,
8vo.). [L S.]
CALLPMACHUS, a physician, who was one
of the followers of Herophilus, and who must have
lived about the second century B. c., as he is mentioned by Zeuxis. (Galen, Comment. in IIipvocr.
" Epid. VI." i. 5. vol. xvii. pt. i. p. 827.) He
wrote a work in explanation of the obsolete words
used by Hippocrates, which is not now extant, but
which is quoted by Erotianus. (Gloss. Hippocr.
praef.) He may perhaps be the same person who
is mentioned by Pliny as having written a work
De Coronis. (II. N. xxi. 9.) [W. A. G.]
CALLI'MACHUS (KaAA/layos), an artist of
uncertain country, who is said to have invented
the Corinthian column. (Vitruv. iv. 1. ~ 10.)
As Scopas built a temple of Athene at Tegea
with Corinthian columns in B. c. 396, Callimachus
must have lived before that time. Pausanias
(i. 26. ~ 7) calls him the inventor of the art
of boring marble (Tros AiOovs Irpcros ý -vpd rmoe),
which Thiersch (Epoch. Anm. p. 60) thinks is to
be understood of a mere perfection of that art,
which could not have been entirely unknown to so
late a period. By these inventions as well as by
his other productions, Callimachus stood in good
reputation with his contemporaries, although he
did not belong to the first-rate artists. He was so
anxious to give his works the last touch of perfection, by elaborating the details with too much care,
that he lost the grand and sublime. Dionysius
therefore compares him and Calamis to the orator
Lysias '('rs 6A7rTrdTsros 'eveca Kai T7s XdpIros),
whilst he draws a parallel between Polycletus and
Phidias and Isocrates, on account of the areMvov
ial eteyaA6r6yXVOV Kalo di LW/arTo'Cv. (Judic. Isocr. c.
3.) Callimachus was never satisfied with himself.
and therefore received the epithet tcaIcmdreXvos.
(Paus. i. 26. ~ 7.) Pliny (H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19)
says the same, and gives an exact interpretation of
the surname: " Semper calumniator sui nec finem
habens diligentiae; ob id icaKiLTre-Xvos appellatus."
Vitruvius says, that Callimachus " propter elegantiam et subtilitatem artis marmoreae ab Atheniensibus Kcar'drEXVos fuerat nominatus." Sillig (Cat.
Art. p. 125) conjectures, after some MSS., that
KaTa-T7qiTEXvos must be read instead of iceaKi"TEXVOS; but this is quite improbable on account of
Pliny's translation, "calumniator sui." Whether
the Kcard'r-Xvos of Vitruvius is corrupt or a second
surname (as Siebelis supposes, ad Paus. i. 26. ~ 7),
cannot be decided. So much is certain, that Callimachus' style was too artificial. Pliny (I. c.),
speaking of a work representing some dancing
Lacedaemonian women, says, that his excessive
elaboration of the work had destroyed all its
beauty. Pausanias (i. 26. ~ 7) describes a golden
lamp, a work of Callimachus dedicated to Athene,
which if filled with oil, burnt precisely one whole
year without ever going out. It is scarcely probable that the painter Callimachus, mentioned by
Pliny (1. c.), should be our statuary, although ho
is generally identified with him, [W T.]