A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

568 CALLIAS.
for aid, which was granted in opposition to the advice of Demosthenes, and an army was sent into Euboea under the command of Phocion, who defeated
Callias at Tamynae, B. c. 350. (Aesch. c. Ctes.
~~ 85-88, de Fals. Leg. ~ 180; Dem. de Pac. ~ 5;
Plut. Phoc. 12.) After this, Callias betook himself to
the Macedonian court, where he was for some time
high in the favour of the king; but, having in
some way offended him, he withdrew to Thebes,
in the hope of gaining her support in the furtherance of his views. Breaking, however, with the
Thebans also, and fearing an attack both from them
and from Philip, he applied to Athens, and through
the influence of Demosthenes not only obtained
alliance, and an acknowledgment of the independence of Chalcis, but even induced the Athenians
to transfer to that state the annual contributions
(orvadveLs) from Oreus and Eretria, Callias holding out great promises (apparently never realized)
of assistance in men and money from Achaia, Megara, and Euboea. This seems to have been in
B. c. 343, at the time of Philip's projected attempt
on Ambracia. Aeschines of course ascribes his
rival's support of Callias to corruption; but Demosthenes may have thought that Euboea, united
under a strong government, might serve as an effectual barrier to Philip's ambition. (Aesch. c. Ctes.
~ 89, &c.; Dem. Philipp. iii. ~ 85; Thirlwall's
Greece, vol. vi. p. 19.) In B. c. 341, the defeat by
Phocion of the Macedonian party in Eretria and
Oreus under Cleitarchus and Philistides gave the
supremacy in the island to Callias. (Dem. de Cor.
~~ 86, 99, &c.; Philipp. iii. ~~ 23, 75, 79; Diod.
xvi. 74; Plut. Dem. 17.) Callias seems to have
been still living in B. c. 330, the date of the orations on "the Crown." See Aesch. c. Ctes. ~~ 85,
87, who mentions a proposal of Demosthenes to
confer on him and his brother Taurosthenes the
honour of Athenian citizenship.
5. One of the Thespian ambassadors, who appeared at Chalcis before the Roman commissioners,
Marcius and Atilius, to make a surrender of their
city, renouncing the alliance of Perseus, B. c. 172.
In common with the deputies from all the Boeotian
towns, except Thebes, they were favourably received by the Romans, whose object was to dissolve the Boeotian confederacy,-an object accomplished in the same year. (Polyb. xxvii. 1, 2;
Liv. xlii. 43, 44; Clinton, Fast. ii. p. 80, iii. p.
398.) [E. E.]
CA'LLIAS(KaXtias), literary. 1. A comic poet,
was according to Suidas (s. v.) a son of Lysimachus,
and bore the name of Schoenion because his father
was a rope or basket maker (oroVvorrhdoKos). He
belonged to the old Attic comedy, for Athenaeus (x.
p. 453) states, that he lived shortly before Strattis,
who appears to have commenced his career as a
comic poet about B. c. 412. From the Scholiast
on Aristophanes (Equit. 526) we further learn,
that Callias was an emulator of Cratinus. It is,
therefore, probable that he began to come before
the public prior to B. c. 424; and if it could be
proved that he was the same person as Calliades
[CALLIADES], he would have lived at least till
B. c. 402. We still possess a few fragments of his
comedies, and the names of six are preserved in
Suidas, viz. ALyuTrrios, 'A'raXcdvr (Zenob. iv. 7),
KviKcAores (perhaps alluded to by Athen. ii. p. 57,
and Clem. Alex. Strom. vi. p. 264), HFe aT
(Athen. viii. p. 344; Schol. ad Aristoph. Av. 31,
151; Diog. Laert. ii. 18), Ba'rpaXos, and 2XoAhd

CALLIBLUS.
eov7es. Whether he is the same as the Callias
whom Athenaeus (vii. p. 672, x. pp. 448, 453)
calls the author of a ypappqarTKc) rpa-yitaa, is uncertain. (Comp. Athen. iv. pp. 140, 176, vii.
p. 300, xii. pp. 524, 667; Pollux, vii. 113; Etymol. M. s. v. Eliat; Meineke, Hist. Crit. Corn.
Gr. p. 213, &c.)
2. Of Argos, a Greek poet, the author of an
epigram upon Polycritus. (Antl. Graec. xi. 232;
Brunck, Anal. ii. p. 3.)
3. Of Mytilene in Lesbos, a Greek grammarian
who lived before the time of Strabo (xiii. p. 618),
who mentions him among the celebrated persons
born in Lesbos, and states that he wrote commentaries on the poems of Sappho and Alcaeus. (Comp.
Athen. iii. p. 85.)
4. Of Syracuse, a Greek historian who wrote a
great work on the history of Sicily. He lived, as
Josephus (c. Apion. i. 3) expresses it, long after
Philistus, but earlier than Timaeus, From the
nature of his work it is clear that he was a contemporary of Agathocles, whom, however, the
historian survived, as he mentioned the death of
the tyrant. This work is sometimes called rv 7repi
'AyaOoicAEa, or 7repl 'AyaOoecAda riropiat, and
sometimes also by Roman writers " Historia de
Rebus Siculis." (Athen. xii. p. 542; Aelian, Hist.
An. xvi. 28; Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. iii. 41;
Macrob. Sat. v. 19; Dionys. i. 42; Fest. s. v. Romam.) It embraced the history of Sicily during
the reign of Agathocles, from B. c. 317 to 289, and
consisted of twenty-two books. (Diod. xxi. Exc.
12. p. 492.) The very few fragments which we
possess of the work do not enable us to form an
opinion upon it, but Diodorus (xxi. Exe. p. 561)
states, that Callias was corrupted by Agathocles
with rich bribes; that he sacrificed the truth of
history to base gain; and that he went even so far
in distorting the truth as to convert the crimes and
the violation of the laws human and divine, of
which Agathocles was guilty, into praiseworthy
actions. (Comp. Suid. s. v. KaXtias.)
There is another Callias of Syracuse, a contemporary of Demosthenes, who occupied himself with
oratory, but who is mentioned only by Plutarch.
(Dem. 5, Vit. X Orat. p. 844, c.) [L. S.]
CA'LLIAS, an architect of the island of Aradus,
contemporary with Demetrius Poliorcetes. (Vitruv.
x. 16. ~ 5.) [W. I.]
CALLI'BIUS (Ka2hAlios). 1. The Harmost
who commanded the garrison with which the Spartans occupied Athens at the request of the Thirty
tyrants, B. C. 404. The story told by Plutarch of
his raising his staff to strike Autolycus the Athlete
(whom the Thirty put to death for presuming to
resent the insult), shews that he formed no exception to the coarse and overbearing demeanour so
common with Spartan governors. The tyrants
conciliated his favour by the most studious deference,-the above case is a strong instance of it,
-and he allowed them accordingly to use his soldiers at their pleasure as the instruments of their
oppression. (Xen. Hell. ii. 3. ~~ 13, 14; Diod.
xiv. 4; Plut. Lysand. 15.)
2. One of the leaders of the democratic party at
Tegea, B. c. 370, who having failed in obtaining
the sanction of the Tegean assembly for the project of uniting the Arcadian towns into one body,
endeavoured to gain their point by an appeal to
arms. They were, however, defeated by the oligarchical leader, Stasippus, and Proxenus, the col