A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CALAMIS.
to have been called after her. (Klausen, Aeneas u.
d. Penat. p. 1044, &c.) [L. S.]
CAIUS or GAIUS (TFd'os). 1. The jurist.
[GAIns.]
2. A Platonic philosopher who is mentioned as
an author by Porphyry (Vit. Plot. 14), but of his
writings nothing is known. Galen (vol. vi. p. 532,
ed. Paris) states, that he heard the disciples of
Caius, from which we must infer that Caius lived
some time before Galen.
3. A Greek rhetorician of uncertain date. Stobaeus has preserved the titles of, and given extracts
from, six of his declamations. (Stobaeus, Florileg.
vol. i. pp. 89, 266, vol. iii. pp. 3, 29, 56, &c., 104,
135, 305, &c.)
4. A presbyter of the church of Rome, who lived
about A. D. 310. He was at a later time elected
bishop of the gentiles, which probably means, that
he received a commission as a missionary to some
heathen people, and the power of superintending
the churches that might be planted among them.
(Phot. Cod. 48.) While he was yet at Rome he
engaged in the celebrated disputation with Proclus,
the champion of the Montanist heresy, and he subsequently published the whole transaction in the
form of a dialogue. (Euseb. H. E. ii. 25, iii. 23,
vi. 20.) Hie also wrote a work against the heresy
of Artemon, and a third work, called Aaevpivos,
appears likewise to have been directed against
Artemon. (Euseb. II. E. v. 28; comp. Theodoret.
I. E. iv. 21.) Caius is further called by Photius
the author of a work riep' r-js 7ravros oo-laes,
which some consider to be the same as the work
Ilep'i ro7 aTravos, which is still extant, and is
usually ascribed to Hippolytus. He denied the
Epistle to the Hebrews to be the work of St. Paul,
and accordingly counted only 13 genuine epistles of
that apostle. (Cave, Hist. Lit. i. p. 65; Fabricius,
Bibl. Graec. x. p. 693, &c.) [L. S.jI
CAIUS CAESAR. [CALIGULA.]
CALABER. [QUINTUS SMYRNAEUS.]
CALACTI'NUS. [CAECILIUS CALACTINUS.]
CA'LAMIS (K'Aaeis), a statuary and embosser,
whose birth-place and age are not mentioned by
any of the ancient authors. It is certain, however,
that he was a contemporary of Phidias, for he
executed a statue of Apollo Alexicacos, who was
believed to have stopped the plague at Athens.
(Paus. i. 3. ~ 3.) Besides he worked at a chariot,
which Dinomenes, the son of Hiero. caused to be
made by Onatas in memory of his father's victory
at Olympia. (Paus. vi. 12. ~ 1, viii. 42. ~ 4.)
This chariot was consecrated by Dinomenes after
Hiero's death (B. c. 467), and the plague at Athens
ceased B. c. 429. The 38 years between these two
dates may therefore safely be taken as the time in
which Calamis flourished. (Sillig, Cat. Art. s. v.)
Calamis was one of the most diligent artists of all
antiquity. He wrought statues in bronze, stone,
gold, and ivory, and was, moreover, a celebrated
embosser. (Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 12. s. 15, xxxvi.
4. s. 3.) Besides the Apollo Alexicacos, which
was of metal(Sillig, Cat. Art. p. 117), there existed
a marble statue of Apollo in the Servilian gardens
in Rome (Plin. 1H. N. xxxvi. 4, 5), and a third
bronze statue of Apollo, 30 cubits high, which
Lucullus carried to Rome from the Illyrian town
Apollonia. (Strab. vii. p. 319.) A beardless Asclepios in gold and ivory, a Nike, a Zeus Ammon
(consecrated by Pindar at Thebes), a Dionysos, an
Aphrodite, an Alcmene, and a Sosandra, are men

CALAS. 559
tionied as works of Calamis. Besides the statues
of gods and mortals he also represented animals,
especially horses, for which he was very celebrated.
(Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19.) Cicero gives the
following opinion of the style of Calamis, which
was probably borrowed from the Greek authors:
"Quis enim eorum, qui haec minora animadvertunt, non intelligit, Canachi signa rigidiora esse,
quam ut imitentur veritatem? Calamidis dura
illa quidem, sed tamen molliora quam Canachi,
nondum Myronis satis ad veritatem adducta."
(Brut. 18; comp. Quintil. xii. 10.) [W. I.]
CALAMI'TES (Kaa1gp-r1as), an Attic hero,
who is mentioned only by Demosthenes (De Coron. p. 270), and is otherwise entirely unknown.
Comp. Hesych. and Suid. s. v. KaAacmpdrs.) The
commentators on Demosthenes have endeavoured in
various ways to gain a definite notion of Calamites:
some think that Calamites is a false reading for
Cyamites, and others that the name is a mere epithet, and that larpo's is understood. According to
the latter view, Calamites would be a hero of the
art of surgery, or a being well skilled in handling
the KidalA/os or reed which was used in dressing
fractured arms and legs. Others again find in
Calamites the patron of the art of writing and of
writing masters. (Comp. Jahn, Jahrb. fur Philol.
u. Paed. for 1838.) [L. S.]
CA'LANUS (Kaaveos), one of the so-called
gymnosophists of India, who followed the Macedonian army from Taxila at the desire of Alexander
the Great; but when he was taken ill afterwards,
he refused to change his mode of living, and in
order to get rid of the sufferings of human life
altogether, he solemnly burnt himself on a pyre in
the presence of the whole Macedonian army,
without evincing any symptom of pain. (Arrian,
Anab. vii. 2, &c.; Aelian, V. H. ii. 4], v. 6; Plut.
Alex. 69; Strab. xv. p. 686; Diod. xvii. 107;
Athen. x. p. 437; Lucian, De M. Pereg. 25;
Cic. Tusc. ii. 22, De Divinat. i. 22, 30; Val. Max.
i. 8, Ext. 10.) His real name was, according to
Plutarch (Alex. 65), Sphines. and he received the
name Calanus among the Greeks, because in
saluting persons he used the form icahE instead of
the Greek XaipE. What Plutarch here calls tcaAe
is probably the Sanscrit form calydna, which is
commonly used in addressing a person, and signsifies good, just, or distinguished. Josephus (c.
Apion. i. p. 484) states, that all the Indian philosophers were called Kdhau'ot, but this statement is
without any foundation, and is probably a mere
invention. (Lassen, in the Rhein. Museum. fiur
Philol. i. p. 176.) [L. S.]
CALAS or CALLAS (KAas, Ka'd as). 1. Son
of the traitor Harpalus of Elimiotis, and first cousin
to Antigonus, king of Asia, held a command in the
army which Philip sent into Asia under Parmenion
and Attalus, B. c. 336, to further his cause among
the Greek cities there. In n. c. 335, Calas was
defeated in a battle in the Troad by Memnon, the
Rhodian, but took refuge in Rhaeteum. (Diod.
xvi. 91, xvii. 7.) At the battle of the Granicus,
B. c. 334, he led the Thessalian cavalry in Alexander's army, and was appointed by him in the
same year to the satrapy of the Lesser or Hellespontine Phrygia, to which Paphlagonia was soon
after added. (Arr. Anab. i. p. 14, e., ii. p. 31,
d.; Curt. iii. 1. ~ 24; Diod. xvii. 17.) After
this we do not hear of Calas: it would seem, however, that he died before the treason and flight of