A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

CAESAR.'
Cic. Brut. 72,74; Tac. Ann. xiii. 3, Dial. lde Oral. 21;
Plut. Caes. 3; Suet. Caes. 55.) 2. "Epistolae," of
which several are preserved in the collection of Cicero's letters, but there were still more in the time of
Suietonius (Caes. 56) and Appian (B. C. ii. 79).
3. " Anticato," in two books, hence sometimes
called " Anticatones," a work in reply to Cicero's
" Cato," which the Roman orator wrote in praise
of Cato after the death of the latter in B. c. 46.
(Suet. 1. c.; Gell. iv. 16; Cic. ad Att. xii. 40, 41,
xiii. 50, &c.) 4. " De Analogia," or as Cicero
explains it, "1De Ratione Latine loquendi," in
two books, which contained investigations on the
Latin language, and were written by Caesar while
he was crossing the Alps in his returni from
his winter-quarters in the north of Italy to join
his army in further Gaul. It was dedicated to
Cicero, and is frequently quoted by the Latin
grammarians. (Suet. 1. c.; Cic. Brut. 72; Plin.
I. N. vii. 30. s. 31; Gell. xix. 8; Quintil. i. 7.
~ 34.) 5. '" Libri Auspiciorum," or "' Auguralia."
As pontifex maximus Caesar had a general superintendence over the Roman religion, and seems to
have paid particular attention to the subject of this
work, which must have been of considerable extent
as the sixteenth book is quoted by Macrobius.
(Sat. i. 16; comp. Priscian, vi. p. 719, ed. Putscb.)
6. " De Astris," in which he treated of the movements of the heavenly bodies. (Macrob. 1. c.;
Plin. H. N. xviii. 25. s. 57, &c.) 7. " Apophthegmata," or " Dicta collectanea," a collection of
good sayings and witty remarks of his own and
other persons. It seems from Suetonius that
Caesar had commenced this work in his youth, but
he kept making additions to it even in his dictatorship, so that it at length comprised several
volumes. This was one of Caesar's works which
Augustus suppressed. (Suet. 1. c.; Oic. ad Fam.
ix. 16.) 8. " Poemata." Two of these written
in his youth, " Laudes Herculis" and a tragedy
" Oedipus," were suppressed by Augustus. He
also wrote several epigrams, of which three are
preserved in the Latin Anthology. (Nos. 68 -70, ed. Meyer.) There was, too, an astronomical
poem of Caesar's, probably in imitation of Aratus's,
and lastly one entitled " Iter," descriptive of his
journey from the city to Spain, which he wrote at
the latter end of the year B. c. 46, while he was
on this journey.
The editio princeps of Caesar's Commentaries
was printed at Rome in 1449, fol. Among the
subsequent editions, the most important are by
Jungermann, containing a Greek translation of the
seven books of the Gallic war made by Planudes
(Francf. 1606, 4to., and 1669, 4to.); by Graevius,
with the life of Caesar, ascribed to Julius Celsus
(Amst. 1697, 8vo., and Lug. Bat. 1713, 8vo.); by
Cellarius (Lips. 1705); by Davis, with the Greek
translation of Planudes (Cant. 1706, 1727, 4to.);
by Oudendorp (Lugd. Bat. 1737, 4to., Stuttgard,
1822, 8vo.); by Morus (Lips. 1780, 8vo.), reedited by Oberlin (Lips. 1805, 1819, 8vo.).
(The principal ancient sources for the life of
Caesar are the biographies of him by Suetonius
and Plutarch, the histories of Dion Cassius, Appian,
and Velleius Paterculus, and the letters and orations
of Cicero. The life of Caesar ascribed to Julius
Celsus, of Constantinople, who lived in the seventh
century after Christ, is a work of Petrarch's, as
has been shewn by C. E. Ch. Schneider in his
work entitled " Petrarchae, Hiistoria Julii Cae

CAESAR. 55

saris," Lips. 1827. Among modern works the
best account of Caesar's life is in Drumann's Geschichite Roms. Caesar's campaigns have been
criticised by Napoleon in the work entitled " Pricis
des Guerres de Cesar par Napoleon, dcrit par M.
Marchand, a i'ile Sainte-HRlene, sous la dictee de
1'Empereur," Paris, 1836.)
For an account of Caesar's coins, see Eckhel,
vol. vi. pp. 1-17. His likeness is given in the
two coins annexed; in the latter the natural baldness of his head is concealed by a crown of laurel.
(See also p. 516.)
19, 20, 21. JULTAE. [JULIA.]
22. CAESARION. [CAESARION.]
23. SEX. JULIUS CAESAR, son of No. 17, was
Flamen Quirinalis, and is mentioned in the history
of the year B. c. 57. (Cic. de iHarusp. Resp. 6.)
24. SEX. JULIUS CAESAR, son probably of No.
23, as he is called by Appian very young in B. c. 47,
and is not therefore likely to have been the same as
the preceding, as some have conjectured. He was in
the army of the great Caesar in Spain in B. c. 49, and
was sent by the latter as ambassador to M. Terentius
Varro. At the conclusion of the Alexandrine war,
B. c. 47, Sex. Caesar was placed over Syria, where
he was killed in the following year by his own soldiers at the instigation of Caecilius Bassus, who
had revolted against the dictator. (Caes. B. C. ii.
20; Hirt. B. Alex. 66; Dion Cass. xlvii. 26; Appian, B. C. iii. 77; compare BAssUs, CAECILIUS.)
C. CAESAR and L. CAESAR, the sons of M.
Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, and the grandsons of
Augustus. Caius was born in a. c. 20 and Lucius
in B. c. 17, and in the latter year they were both
adopted by Augustus. In B. c. 13, Caius, who
was then only seven years of age, took part with
other patrician youths in the Trojan game at the
dedication of the temple of Marcellus by Augustus.
In B. c. 8, Caius accompanied Tiberius in his
campaign against the Sigambri in order to become
acquainted with military exercises. Augustus
carefully superintended the education of both the
youths, but they early shewed signs of an arrogant
and overbearing temper, and importuned their
grandfather to bestow upon them public marks of
honour. Their requests were seconded by the
entreaties of the people, and granted by Augustus,
who, under the appearance of a refusal, was exceedingly anxious to grant them the honours they
solicited. Thus they were declared consuls elect
and principes juventutis before they had laid aside
the dress of childhood. Caius was nominated to
the consulship in B. c. 5, but was not to enter
upon it till five years afterwards. He assumed
the toga virilis in the same year, and his brotlhelr
in n. c. 2.