A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

BRUTUS. BRUTUS. 509
13;* M. JUNIUS BRUTUS, an eminent Roman the accusation of Cn. Plancus, made some charges
jurist, who, judging from his praenomen and the of inconsistency against L. Licinius Crassus, the
time in which he is said to have lived, was pro- orator; and Cicero twice (de Orat. ii. 55, pro
bably a son of No. 12. He is mentioned by Pom- Cluent. 51) relates the bons moots (bene dicta) of
ponius (Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 39), along with P. Mucius Crassus, recriminating upon the extravagance of
and Manilius, as one of the three founders of civil the accuser.
law; and it may be inferred from Pomponius, that 15. D. JUNIUS M. F. M. N. BRUTUS GALLAEthough he was praetor, he never attained the rank cus (CALLAECUS) or CALLAICUS, son of No. 12 and
of consul. The passage of Pomponius, according to brother of No. 13, was a contemporary of the Gracthe reading which has been suggested, is as follows: chi,and one of the most celebrated generals of his age.
-Post hos fuerunt P. Mucius et Mianilius et Brutus He belonged to the aristocratical party, and in his
[vulg. et Brutus et Manilius], qui fandaveruntjus consulship with P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, in B. c.
civile. Ex his P. Milucius etiam decem libellos 138, distinguished himself by his opposition to the
reliquit, septem Manilius, Brutus tres [vulg. Brutus tribunes. He refused to bring before the senate a
septem, Manilius tres]. Illi duo consulares fuerunt, proposition for the purchase of corn for the people;
Brutus praetorius, P. autem ilMucius etiam pontyiex and when the tribunes wished to have the power
maximus. The transposition of the names Brutus of exempting ten persons apiece from the military
and Manilius makes the clause Illi duo consu- levies, he and his colleague refused to allow them
lares fuerunt, Brutus practorius, consistent with this privilege. In consequence of this they were
the former part of the sentence. It also makes committed to prison by the tribune C. Curiatius.
the testimony of Pomponius consistent with that (Val. Max. iii. 7. ~ 3; Liv. Ep1it. 55; Cic. de Leg.
of Cicero, who reports, on the authority of Scaevola, iii. 9.) The province of Further Spain was assignthat Brutus left no more than three genuine books ed to Brutus, whither he proceeded in the same
de jure civile. (De Orat. ii. 55.) That more, how- year. In order to pacify the province, he assigned
ever, was attributed to Brutus than he really lands to those who had served under Viriathus,
wrote may be inferred from the particularity of and founded the town of Valentia. But as LusiCicero's statement. Brutus is frequently referred tania continued to be overrun with parties of
to as a high authority on points of law in ancient marauders, he laid waste the country in every
classical and legal authors (e. p. compare Cic. de direction, took numerous towns, and advanced as
Fin. i. 4, and Dig. 7. tit. 1. s. 68, pr.; again, com- far as the river Lethe or Oblivio, as the Romans
pare Cic. ad Fam. vii. 22, and Gell. xvii. 7). In translated the name of the river, which was also
the books of Brutus are contained some of the called Limaea, Limia or Belion, now Lima. (Strab.
responsa which he gave to clients, and he and iii. p. 153; Mela, iii. 1; Plin. H. N. iv. 22. s. 35.)
Cato are censured by Cicero for publishing the Here the soldiers at first refused to march further;
actual names of the persons, male and female, who but when Brutus seized the standard from the
consulted them, as if, in law, there were anything standard-bearer, and began to cross the river alone,
in a name. (De Orat. ii. 32.) From the frag- they immediately followed him. From thence they
ments we possess (de Orat. ii. 55), Brutus certainly advanced to the Minius (Minho), which he crossed
appears to enter into unlawyer-like details, giving and continued his march till he arrived at the
us the very names of the villas where he happened ocean, where the Romans saw with astonishment
to be. Whether Servius Sulpicius commented upon the sun set in its waters. In this country he subBrutus is a much disputed question. Ulpian (Dig. dued various tribes, among whom the Bracari are
14. tit. 3. s. 5. ~ 1) cites Servius libro primo ad mentioned as the most warlike. He also conquered
Brutum, and Pomponius (Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 2. ~ 44) the Gallaeci, who had come to the assistance of
asserts that Servius duos libros ad Brutuml perquam their neighbours with an army of 60,000 men, and
brevissimos ad Ediclum subscriplos reliquit. It is it was from his victory over them that he obtained
commonly supposed that Servius, instead of com- the surname of Gallaecus. The work of subjugamenting on the work of the jurisconsult, dedicated tion, however, proceeded but slowly, as many towns
his short notes on the Edict to M. Junius Brutus, after submission again revolted, among which Tathe assassin of Julius Caesar, or else to the father labriga is particularly mentioned. In the midst of
of the so-called tyrannicide. (Zimmern, R. R. G. his successes, he was recalled into Nearer Spain
~ 75; Majansius, vol. i. pp. 127-140.) by his relation, Aemilius Lepidus (Appian, Hisp.
14. M. JUNIUS BaRUUS, a son of the pre- 80), and from thence he proceeded to Rome, where
ceding, studied law like his father, but, instead of he celebrated a splendid triumph, B. c. 136, for his
seeking magistracies of distinction, became so noto- victories over the Lusitanians and Gallaeci. Drurious for the vehemence and harshness of his mann (Gesch. Roms, vol. iv. p. 8), misled apparently
prosecutions, that he was named Accusaior. (Cic. by a passage in Eutropius (iv. 19), places his tride Off. ii. 14.) He did not spare the highest rank, umph in the same year as that of Scipio's over
for among the objects of his attack was M. Aemilius Nunantia, namely, in B. c. 132. (Liv. Epit. 55,
Scaurus. (Cic. pro Font. 13.) He was a warm 56; Appian, Hisp. 71-73; Flor. ii. 17. ~ 12;
and impassioned orator, though his oratory was Oros. v. 5; Veil. Pat. ii. 5; Cic. pro Balb. 17;
not in good taste. It should be remarked that all Plut. Quaest. Rom. 34, Ti. Gracch. 21; Val. Max. vi.
we know of the son is derived from the unfavour- 4, extern. 1.)
able representations of Cicero, who belonged to the With the booty obtained in Spain, Brutus
opposite political party. Brutus, the father, was a erected temples and other public buildings, for
man of considerable wealth, possessing baths and which the poet L. Accius wrote inscriptions in
three country seats, which were all sold to support verse. (Cic. pro Arch. 11; Plin. xxxvi. 4. s. 5. ~ 7;
the extravagance of the son. Brutus, the son, in Val. Max. viii. 14. ~ 2.) The last time we hear
of Brutus is in B. C. 129, when he served under
* Nos. 3, 14, 19, 20, being reckoned jurists, C. Sempronius Tuditanus against the Japydes, and
are written by J. T. G. by his military skill gained a victory for the consul,