A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

458 BALBUS.
quity at Lanuvium, with the letters I. S. M. R.
(that is, Junonis Sospitae mnanae reginae); and on
the reverse L. THORIVS BAABVS, with a bull rushing forward. Eckhel (v. p. 324, &c.) thinks that
the bull has an allusion to the name of Thorius,
which the Romans might regard as the same as
the Greek rospios, impetuous.
2. SP. THORTUS BALBUS, tribune of the plebs
about B. c. 111, was a popular speaker, and introduced in his tribuneship an agrarian law, of which
considerable fragments have been discovered on
bronze tablets, and of which an account is given in
the Dict. of Ant. s.v. Thoria Lex. (Cic. Brut. 36,
de Orat. ii. 70; Appian, B. C. i. 27.)
BA'LBUS, JU'NIUS, a consular, husband of
Metia Faustina, the daughter of the elder Gordian.
(Capitolin. c. 4.) According to some historians,
the third Gordian, who succeeded Balbinus and
Pupienus Maximus, was the issue of this marriage,
while others maintain that he was the son of Gordian the second. [GoRDIANUS.] [W. R.]
BALBUS, L. LUCI'LIUS, a Roman jurist, one
of the pupils of Q. Mucius Scaevola, and one of the
legal instructors of the eminent lawyer and distinguished friend of Cicero, Servius Sulpicius Rufus.
He was probably the father of Lucilius, the companion of Appius Pulcher in Cilicia (Cic. ad Fam.
iii. 4), and the brother of Q. Lucilius Balbus, the
Stoic philosopher. [BALBus, No. VIII.] Cicero (de
Orat. iii. 21) speaks of the duo Balbi as Stoics. By
Heineccius (Hist. Jur. Rom. ~ 149) and others the
jurist Lucius has been confounded with Quintus
the Stoic philosopher. The jurist was occasionally
quoted in the works of Sulpicius; and, in the time
of Pomponius, his writings did not exist in a separate form, or, at least, were in the hands of few.
(Dig. i. tit. 2. s. 42.) He was a man of much
learning. In giving advice and pleading causes
his manner was slow and deliberate. (Cic. Brut.
42, pro Quint. 16, 17.) [J. T. G.]
BALBUS, L. (qu. P.) OCTA'VIUS, a Roman,
contemporary with Cicero. He was remarkable
for his skill in law, and for his attention to the
duties of justice, morality, and religion. (Cic. pro
Cluent. 38.) For these reasons he bore a high
character as a judex in public as well as private
trials. There is a passage in Cicero (in Ver. ii. 12)
in relation to L. Octavius Balbus, which has been
misinterpreted and corrupted by commentators and
critics ignorant of the Roman forms of pleading.
Cicero accuses Verres of having directed an issue
of fact in such an improper form, that even L. Octavius, if he had been appointed to try it, would
have been obliged to adjudge the defendant in the
cause either to give up an estate of his own to the
plaintiff, or to pay pecuniary damages. The perfect acquaintance with Roman law, and the knowledge of his duty which Balbus possessed, would
have compelled him to pass an unjust sentence.
To understand the compliment, it is necessary to

BALDUINUS.
remark, that in the time of Cicero a judex in a private cause was appointed for the occasion merely,
and that his functions rather resembled those of a
modern English juryman than those of a judge. It
was his duty to try a given question, and according
to his finding on that question, to pronounce the
sentence of condemnation or acquittal contained in
the formula directed to him by the praetor. It was
not his duty but the praetor's to determine whether
the question was material, and whether the sentence was made to depend upon it in a manner
consistent with justice. In the ordinary form of
Roman action for the recovery of a thing, as in the
English action of detinue, the judgment for the
plaintiff was not directly that the thing should be
restored, but the defendant was condemned, unless
it were restored, to pay damages. The remainder
of the chapter has been equally misinterpreted and
corrupted. It accuses Verres of so shaping the
formula of trial, that the judex was obliged to treat
a Roman as a Sicilian, or a Sicilian as a Roman.
The death of Octavius Balbus is related by Valerius Maximus (v. 7. ~ 3) as a memorable example
of paternal affection. Proscribed by the triumvirs
Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, u. c. 42, he had
already made his escape from his house, when a
false report reached his ears that the soldiers were
massacring his son. Thereupon he returned to his
house, and was consoled, by witnessing his son's
safety, for the violent death to which he thus offered himself.
The praenomen of Balbus is doubtful. In Cic.
pro Cluent. 38 most of the MSS. have P.; in Cic. in
Verr. ii. 12 the common reading is L. [J. T. G.]
BALDUI'NUS I. (BahXovdvos), BALDWIN,
the first Latin emperor of Constantinople, was the
son of Baldwin, count of Hainaut, and Marguerite,
countess of Flanders. He was born at Valenciennes
in 1171, and after the death of his parents inherited both the counties of Hainaut and Flanders.
He was one of the most powerful among those
warlike barons who took the cross in 1200, and
arrived at Venice in 1202, whence they intended
to sail to the Holy Land. They changed their
plan at the supplication of prince Alexis Angelus,
the son of the emperor Isaac II. Angelus, who
was gone to Venice for the purpose of persuading
the crusaders to attack Constantinople and release
Isaac, who had been deposed, blinded, and imprisoned by his brother Alexis Angelus, who
reigned as Alexis III. from the year 1195. The
crusaders listened to the promises of young Alexis,
who was chiefly supported by Baldwin of Flanders,
as he is generally called; and they left Venice
with a powerful fleet, commanded by the doge of
Venice, Dandolo, who was also commander-in-chief
of the whole expedition. The various incidents
and the final result of this bold undertaking are
given under ALEXIS III., IV., and V. The
usurper Alexis III. was driven out by the crusaders; prince Alexis and his father Isaac succeeded him on the throne; both perished by the
usurper Alexis V. Ducas Murzuphlus; and Murzuphlus in his turn was driven out and put to
death by the crusaders in 1204. During this
remarkable war Baldwin distinguished himself by
his military skill as well as by his personal character, and the crusaders having resolved to choose
one of their own body emperor of the East, their
choice fell upon Baldwin.
Baldwin was accordingly crowned emperor at