A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

430

AUGUSTUS.

rius had returned to Nola, where he was immediately saluted as the successor of Augustus. The
body of the emperor was carried by the decuriones
of Nola to Bovillae, where it was received by the
Roman equites and conveyed to Rome. The solemn apotheosis took place in the Campus Martius,
and his ashes were deposited in the mausoleum
which he himself had built.
As regards the domestic life of Augustus, he was
one of those unhappy men whom fortune surrounds
with all her outward splendour, and who can yet
partake but little of the general happiness which
they establish or promote. His domestic misfortunes must have embittered all his enjoyments.
Augustus was a man of great caution and moderation-two qualities by which he maintained his
power over the Roman world; but in his matrimonial relations and as a father he was not happy,
chiefly through his own fault. He was first married, though only nominally, to Clodia, a daughter
of Clodius and Fulvia. His second wife, Scribonia,
was a relation of Sext. Pompeius: she bore him
his only daughter, Julia. After he had divorced
Scribonia, he married Livia Drusilla, who was carried away from her husband, Tiberius Nero, in a
state of pregnancy. She brought Augustus two
step-sons, Tiberius Nero and Nero Claudius Drusus. She secured the love and attachment of her
husband to the last moments of his life. Augustus
had at first fixed on M. Marcellus as his successor,

AUGUSTUS.
the son of his sister Octavia, who was married to his
daughter, Julia. Agrippa, jealous of Augustus'
partiality for him, left Rome, and did not return
till Marcellus had died in the flower of his life.
Julia was now compelled by her father to marry
the aged Agrippa, and her sons, Caius and Lucius
Caesar, were raised to the dignity of principes juventutis. At the death of Agrippa, in B. c. 12,
Tiberius was obliged to divorce his wife, Vipsania,
and, contrary to his own will, to marry Julia.
Dissatisfied with her conduct and the elevation of
her sons, he went, in B. c. 6, to Rhodes, where he
spent eight years, to avoid living with Julia. Augustus, who became at last disgusted with her
conduct, sent her in B. c. 2 into exile in the island
of Pandataria, near the coast of Campania, whither
she was followed by her mother, Scribonia. The
children of Julia, Julia the Younger and Agrippa
Postumus, were likewise banished. The grief of
Augustus was increased by the deaths of his friend
Maecenas, in B. c. 8, and of his two grandsons,
Caius and Lucius Caesar, who are said to have
fallen victims to the ambitious designs of Livia,
who wished to make room for her own son, Tiberius, whom the deluded emperor was persuaded to
adopt and to make his colleague and successor.
Tiberius, in return, was obliged to adopt Drusus
Germanicus, the son of his late brother, Drusus.
A more complete view of the family of Augustus
is given in the annexed stemma.

STEMMA OF AUGUSTUS AND HIS FAMILY.

1. Ancharia.
Octavia, the elder.

C. Octavius, praetor in B. c. 61, married to
2. Atia, daughter of M. Atius Balbus and Julia, a sister of C. Julius Caesar.
1. Octavia, the younger. 2. C. Octavius (C. JULIUS CAESAR OcTAvIANUS AUGUSTUS), married to
1. Clodia. 2. Scribonia. 3. Livia.
Julia, married to
1. M. Marcellus. 2. M. Vipsanius Agrippa. 3. TIBERIUS, emperor.
No issue. No issue.

1. C. Caesar, married to Livia, 2. L. Caesar, betrothed 3. Julia, married 4.
the sister of Germanicus. to Aemilia Lepida. to L. Aemilius
Died A. D. 4. Died A. D. 2. Paullus.

1. M. Aemilius Lepidus,
married to Drusilla,
daughter of Germanicus.

2. Aemilia Lepida,
married to
1. Ap. Junius Silanus. 2. Drusus.

Agrippina,
married to
Germanicus.

5. Agrippa
Postumus.
Put to
death
A. D. 14.

1. L. Silanus. 2. M. Silanus. 3. Junia Calvina.

1. Nero, married
to Julia, dau.
of Drusus, the
son of Tiberius.
(Tac. Ann. vi.
27.)

2. Drusus,
married to
Aemilia
Lepida.
(Tac. Ann.
vi. 40.)

3. CALIGULA, 4. Agrippina, 5. Drusilla, married
emperor. married to to 1. L. Cassius,
Cn. Domi- and 2. M. Aemil.
tius. Lepidus.
NERO, emperor.

6. Livia or Livilla,marriecd
to 1. M. Vicinius,
2. Quintilius
Varus. (?)