A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

AUGUSTINUS.
not, however, contain the Epistolae, the Sermones,
and the Enarrationes in Psalmos, which had been
previously published by Amerbach. In 1529,
the works of Augustin were again published at
Basle, from the press of Frobenius, and under the
editorship of Erasmus, in ten volumes folio. This
edition, though by no means faultless, was a considerable improvement upon that of Amerbach. It
was reprinted at Paris in 1531-32; at Venice,
with some improvements, in 1552, and again in
1570; at Lyons in 1561-63, and again in 1571.
It was also issued from the press of Frobenius at
Basle, with various alterations, in 1543, in 1556,
in 1569, and in 1570. In 1577 the valuable edition of Augustin prepared by the learned divines
of Louvain, was published at Antwerp, by Christopher Plantin, in ten volumes folio. It far surpasses
in critical exactness all the preceding editions; and
though, on the whole, inferior to that of the Benedictines, it is still held in high estimation. No
fewer than sixteen of the "Theologi Lovanienses"
were employed in preparing it for publication. It
has been very frequently reprinted: at Geneva in
1596; at Cologne in 1616; at Lyons in 1664; at
Paris in 1586, in 1603, in 1609, in 1614, in 1626,
in 1635, and in 1652. The Benedictine edition
of the works of Augustin, in eleven volumes folio,
was published at Paris in 1679-1700. It was
severely handled by Father Simon; but its superiority to all the former editions of Augustin is
generally acknowledged. The first volume contains, besides the Retractations and the Confessions, the greater part of the works written by
Augustin before his elevation to the episcopal dignity. The second comprises his letters. The third
and fourth include his exegetical writings, the
fourth being entirely filled up with his Commentary on the Psalms. The fifth volume contains
the sermons of Augustin. The sixth embraces his
Opera Moralia. The seventh consists of the treatise de Civitate Dei. The eighth comprehends his
principal works against the Manichaeans, and those
against the Arians. The ninth comprises his controversial writings against the Donatists. The
tenth consists of his treatises on the Pelagian controversy. Each of these volumes contains an appendix consisting of works falsely attributed to
Augustin, &c. The eleventh volume is occupied
with the life of Augustin, for the preparation of
which Tillemont lent the sheets of his unpublished
volume upon this father. This valuable edition
was reprinted at Paris, in eleven thick imperial
octavo volumes, 1836-39. The edition of Le
Clere (who calls himself Joannes Phereponus)
appeared (professedly at Antwerp, but in reality)
at Amsterdam, in 1700-1703. It is a republication of the Benedictine edition, with notes by Le
Clerc, and some other supplementary matter; besides an additional volume containing the poem of
Prosper de Ingratis, the Commentary of Pelagius
on the Epistles of Paul, and some modern productions referring to the life and writings of Augustin.
Of the numerous editions of the separate works
of Augustin the following are all that we have
space to enumerate:-De Civitate Dei: editio princeps, e monasterio Sublacensi, 1467, fol.; Moguntiae per Petr. Schoeffer, cum commentariis Thomae
Valois et Nic. Triveth, 1473, fol., reprinted at
Basle in 1479 and again in 1515; commentariis
]ihustratum studio et labore Jo. Lud. Vivis, Basileae,
1522, 1555, 1570, fol.; cum commentariis Leon.

AUGUSTULUS. 423
Coquael et Jo. Lud. Vivis, Paris, 1613, 1636, fol.,
Lips. 1825, 2 vols. 8vo. Confessiones: editio
princeps, Mediolani, 1475, 4to.; Lovanii, 1563,
12mo. and again 1573, 8vo.; Antverp. 1567, 1568,
1740, 8vo.; Lugd. Batav. 1675, 12mo. apud Elzevir.; Paris, 1776, 12mo. (an edition highly commended); Berol. 1823, ed. A. Neander; Lips.
(Tauchnitz), 1837, ed. C. H. Bruder; Oxon.
(Parker), 1840, ed. E. B. Pusey. De Fide et
Operibus: editio princeps, Coloniae, 4to. 1473
ed. Jo. Hennichio, Francof. ad M. et Rintelii,
1652, 8vo. De Doctrina Christiana: Helmstad.
1629, 8vo. ed. Georgius Calixtus, reprinted at
Helmstadt in quarto, 1655; Lips. 1769, 8vo. ed.
J. C. B. Teegius, cum praef. J. F. Burscheri. De
Spiritu et Litera: Lips. 1767, 1780, 8vo. ed. J. C.
B. Teegius; Regimont. 1824, 8vo. cum praef. H.
Olshausen. De Conjugiis A dulterinis: Jenae, 1698,
4to. cum notis Jurisconsulti celeberrimi (Joannis
Schilter) quibus dogma Ecclesiae de matrimonii
dissolutione illustratur.
The principal sources of information respecting
the life of Augustin are his own Confessions, Retractations, and Epistles, and his biography written
by his pupil Possidius, bishop of Calama. Among
the best modern works on this subject are those of
Tillemont and the Benedictine editors already mentioned; Laurentii Berti " De rebus gestis Sancti
Augustini," &c. Venice, 1746, 4to.; Schrbckh,
"Kirchengeschichte," vol. xv.; Neander, " Geschichte der Christlichen Religion und Kirche," vol.
ii.; BNihr, "Geschichte der RSmischen Literatur,"
Supplement, vol. ii. For the editions of the works
of Augustin, see Cas. Oudin. " Commentarius de
Scriptoribus Ecclesiae Antiquis," vol. i. pp. 931 -993, and C. T. G. Schbnemann's " Bibliotheca
Histor.-Literaria Patrum Latinorum," vol. ii. pp.
33-363. On the Pelagian controversy, see (besides Tillemont) G. J. Vossii " Historia de Controversiis quas Pelagius ejusque reliquiae moverunt,"
Opp. vol. vi.; C. W. F. Walch's "Ketzerhistorie,"
vol. iv. und v.; G. F. Wiggers' " Versuch einer
pragmat. Darstellung des Augustinismus und Pelagianismus," Berlin, 1821. [J. M. M.]
AUGU'STULUS, RO'MULUS, the last Roman emperor of the West, was the son of Orestes,
who seized the government of the empire after
having driven out the emperor Julius Nepos.
Orestes, probably of Gothic origin, married a
daughter of the comes Romulus at Petovio or Petavio, in the south-western part of Pannonia; their
son was called Romulus Augustus, but the Greeks
altered Romulus into MwflaAXAos, and the Romans,
despising the youth of the emperor, changed Augustus into Augustulus. Orestes, who declined
assuming the purple, had his youthful son proclaimed emperor in A. D. 475, but still retained the
real sovereignty in his own hands. As early as
476, the power of Orestes was overthrown by
Odoacer, who defeated his rival at Pavia and put
him to death; Paulus, the brother of Orestes, was
slain at Ravenna. Romulus Augustulus was allowed to live on account of, his youth, beauty, and
innocence, but was exiled by the victor to the villa
of Lucullus, on the promontory of Misenum in
Campania, which was then a fortified castle. There
he lived upon a yearly allowance of six thousand
pieces of gold: his ultimate fate is unknown.
The series of Roman emperors who had governed the state from the battle of Actium, B. c. 31.
during a period of five hundred and seven years,