A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

402 ATHENAGORAS.
tury. The subscript is always placed after, instead
of under, the vowel with which it is connected,
and the whole is written without contractions.
The first edition of Athenaens was that of Aldus,
Venice, 1514; a second published at Basle, 1535;
a third by Casaubon at Geneva, 1597, with the
Latin version of Dalecampius (Jacques Dalechamp
of Caen), and a commentary published in 1600;
a fourth by Schweighliuser, Strasburg, 14 vols. 8vo.
1801-1807, founded on a collation of the abovementioned MS. and also of a valuable copy of the
Epitome; a fifth by W. Dindorf, 3 vols. 8vo.,
Leipsic, 1827. The last is the best, Schweighiuser not having availed himself sufficiently of
the sagacity of previous critics in amending the
text, and being himself apparently very ignorant
of metrical laws. There is a translation of Athenaeus into French by M. Lefevre de Villebrune,
under the title "Banquet des Savans, par Athenee,"
1789-1791, 5 vols. 4to. A good article on Schweighliuser's edition will be found in the Edinburgh
Review, vol. iii. 1803. [G. E. L. C.]
ATHENAEUS ('Ad7f'vaos), a celebrated physician, who was the founder of the sect of the Pneumatici. He was born in Cilicia, at Attaleia, according
to Galen (De Elemient. ex Hippocr. i. 6. vol. i. p.
457; Defin. lfMed. prooem. vol. xix. pp. 347, 356;
De Trem. Palpit., &c. c. 6. vol. vii. p. 609; De
Difter. Puls. iv. 10. vol. viii. p. 749), or at Tarsus
according to Caelius Aurelianus. (De Miorb. Acut.
ii. 1. p. 74.) The exact years of his birth and
death are unknown, but as Agathinus was one of
his followers [AGATIIINUS], he must have lived in
the first century after Christ. (Gal. De Dignosc.
Puls. i. 3. vol. viii. p. 787.) He was tutor to
Theodorus (Diog. LaSrt. ii. 104), and appears to
have practised at Rome with great success. Some
account of his doctrines and those of the Pneumatici
is given in the Diet. of Ant. s. v. Pneoumatici, but
of his personal history no further particulars are
known. He appears to have been a voluminous
writer, as the twenty-fourth volume of one of his
works is quoted by Galen (De Caus. Symoptom. ii.
3. vol. vii. p. 165), and the twenty-ninth by
Oribasius. (Coll. Medic. ix. 5. p. 366.) Nothing,
however, remains but the titles, and some fragments preserved by Oribasius. (Coll. Medic. i. 2.
p. 206, v. 5. p. 263, ix. 5. 12. pp. 366, 368.) For
further information the reader may consult Le
Clerc's Hist. de la Mid.; Haller's Biblioth. Medic.
Pract. vol. i. p. 190; Osterhausen, De Sectae
Pneumoaticorumn Mecldicorums Historia, Altorf, 1791,
8vo.; and Sprengel's Hist. de la MIid.
There is in the Royal Library at Paris a Greek
MS. of the sixteenth century, containing a treatise
on Urine, IsepI Ovipwv:u zodis 'Aicpst'7s, by a person of the name'of Athenaeus, but it is not known
for certain whether he is the same individual as
the founder of the Pneumatici. [W. A. G.]
ATHENAEUS, a statuary of distinction, who
flourished about the 155th Olympiad. (Plin. EI.f.
xxxiv. 8. s. 19.) [C. P. M.]
ATHENA'GORAS ('AO-.Yayopas) delivers in
Thucydides (vi. 35-40) the speech which represents the common feeling of the democratical party
at Syracuse on the first reports of the intended
expedition from Athens, B. c. 415. HIe is called?47,AOU spooaTrdr's., who, in Syracuse and other
)Dorian states, appears to 1have been an actual
magistrate, like the Roman tribunus plebis. (Mihller, Dor, iii. 9. 1.) [A. HII. C.]

ATHENAGORAS.
ATHENA'GORAS ('AOrceaydpas). 1. ASamian,
the son of Archestratides, was one of the ambassadors sent by the Samians to Leotychides shortly before the battle of Mycale, B. c. 479. (Herod. ix. 90.)
2. A Milesian, was sent by Ptolemy at the head
of some mercenary troops to the assistance of the
Rhodians, when they were attacked by Demetrius
Poliorcetes (a. c. 305), and commanded the guard
of the counter-mine which was dug by the Rhodians. Demetrius attempted to bribe him, but he
disclosed his overtures to the Rhodians, and enabled them to make prisoner Alexander, an officer
of high rank in the service of Demetrius. (Diod.
xx. 94.)
3. An officer in the service of Philip, king of
Macedonia, B. c. 200. His name occurs not unfrequently in the history of the war between that
prince and the Romans. (Liv. xxxi. 27, 35, 43,
xxxii. 5, xxxiii. 7; Polyb. xviii. 5.)
4. There was an officer of the same name in the
service of Perseus, who commanded at Thessalonica
in the war with the Romans, B. c. 168. (Liv.
xliv. 32.)
There were several other persons of this name,
among whom we may mention a native of Cumae,
spoken of by Cicero (pro Flacc. c. 7); a Platonic
philosopher, to whom Boethus dedicated his work
trepi 7r v 7rapac JIAdTrvi dtropolqYvEVwv A\eeWv (Photius, Cod. 155); and a bishop of Byzantium.
(Philipp. Cypr. Chroen. p. 4; Fabric. Bibl. Graec.
vii. p. 101.) [C. P. M.]
ATHENA'GORAS ('AOQvayo'pas), a Grecian
philosopher converted to the Christian religion,
flourished in the second century of our era. HIis
name is unaccountably passed over by Eusebius
and Jerome; and the only ancient biographical
notice of him is contained in a fragment of Philippus Sidetes, published by Henry Dodwell along
with his Dissertationes in Irenaeitm. In this document it is stated, that Athenagoras was the first
master of the catechetical school at Alexandria,
and that he flourished in the days of Hadrian and
Antoninus, to whom he addressed an Apology on
behalf of the Christians. It is added that he had,
before Celsus, intended to write against the Christians; but when he examined the Holy Scriptures
with this view, he became a convert to the faith
he had purposed to destroy. It is further asserted
by this writer, that Clemens Alexandrinus was the
disciple of Athenagoras, and Pantaenus the disciple of Clemens. The authority of Philippus
Sidetes was lightly esteemed, even in ancient
times; and there are some manifest inaccuracies
in the foregoing statement. Athenagoras's defence
of the Christians was certainly not addressed to
Hadrian and Antoninus. It has been contended
by some modern scholars, that it was presented to
Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus; but it has
been shewn by irrefragable proofs, that the emperors to whom it was addressed were Marcus
Aurelius and his son Commodus. In this view
Baronius, Petavius, Tillemont, Maranus, Fabricius,
Lumper, and many others concur. It is certain,
again, that Clemens Alexandrinus was the pupil,
not the master, of Pantaenus. And it is very improbable that Athenagoras was in any way connected with the celebrated catechetical school of
Alexandria. All that we know respecting him is,
that he was an Athenian by birth, a proselyte to
Christianity, and the author of the above-mentioned Apology, and of a treatise in defence of the