A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

ATHANASIUS.
The earliest edition of the collected works of
Athanasius appeared, in two volumes, folio, at
Ieidelberg, ex officina Commeliniana, A. D. 1600.
The Greek text was accompanied by the Latin
"version of Peter Nanning (Nannius); and in the
following year an appendix issued from the same
press, containing notes, various readings, indices,
&c., by Peter Felckmann. Those who purchase
this edition should take care that their copies
contain the appendix. The Paris edition of 1627,
and the Leipzig of 1686 (which professes, but untruly, to have been published at Cologne), are not
held in much estimation; and the latter is very
inaccurately printed. The valuable Benedictine
edition of Athanasius was published at Paris, A. D.
1698, in three volumes, folio. The learned editor,
Montfaucon, was at first assisted in preparing it
by James Loppinus; but his coadjutor dying when
no more than half of the first volume was finished,
the honour of completing the edition devolved upon
Montfaucon. Many of the opuscula of Athanasius
were printed, for the first time, in the second
"volume of Montfaucon's " Collectio Nova Patrum
et Scriptorum Graecorum," Paris, A, D. 1706.
The most complete edition of the works of Athanasius is that published at Padua, A. D. 1777, in
four volumes, folio. The first three volumes contain all that is comprised in the valuable Benedictine edition of 1698; the last includes the supplementary collections of Montfaucon, Wolf, Maffei,
and Antonelli.
The following list includes the principal English
translations from the works of Athanasius:--" St.
Athanasius's Four Orations against the Arians;
and his Oration against the Gentiles. Translated
from the original Greek by Mr. Sam. Parker."
Oxford, 1713. Athanasius's intire Treatise of the
Incarnation of the Word, and of his bodily appearance to us, translated into English by W.
~Whiston, in his " Collection of ancient Monuments relating to the Trinity and Incarnation,"
London, 1713. The same collection also contains
a translation of Athanasius's Life of Antony the
Monk, which was first published in 1687. The
Epistles of Athanasius in defence of the Nicene
definition, and on the Councils of Ariminum and
Seleuceia, together with his first Oration against
the Arians, have been recently translated, with
notes, by the Rev. J. H. Newman, Oxford, 1842.
The other three Orations, translated by the same
writer, are shortly to appear; and other works of
Athanasius on the Arian controversy are advertised
as preparing for publication.
For a complete list of the genuine, doubtful, and
supposititious works of Athanasius, see Fabricius,
Bibl. Graeca,vol. viii. pp. 184-215, ed. Harles. The
most important of his genuine writings are those
(both historical and doctrinal) which relate to the
Arian controversy. It is hardly necessary to observe
that the creed commonly called Athanasian was not
composed by the archbishop of Alexandria. (See
Gerardi Vossii, Dissertatio de Symbolo Atlhanasiano,
Opp. vol. vi. pp. 516-522; W. E. Tentzelii, Judicia eruditorum de Symbolo Athanasiano.) It has
been ascribed to Vigilius of Tapsus, Vincent of
Lerins, Hilary of Poictiers, and others; but its
real author is unknown. The " Synopsis Sacrae
Scripturae," which is included in the writings of
this eminent father, has no claim to be considered
his; though, in itself, it is a valuable relic of antiquity.

ATHENA, 397
The chief sources of information respecting the
life of Athanasius are found in his own writings;
next to these, in the ecclesiastical histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret. The materials
afforded by these and other writers have been collected, examined, and digested with great learning
and fidelity by Montfaucon, in his " Vita Sancti
Athanasii," prefixed to the Benedictine edition of
the works of this father, and by Tillemont, in his
Memoires pour servir' l' Histoire Ecclesiastique,
vol. viii., Paris edition of 1713. [J. M. M.]
ATHANA'SIUS ('Atavaoatos), of Alexandria,
a presbyter of the church in that city, was a son
of Isidora, the sister of Cyril of Alexandria. He
was deprived of his office and driven out of Alexandria and Egypt by the bishop, Dioscurus, from
whom he suffered much persecution. There is extant a small work of his, in Greek, against Dioscurus, which he presented to the council of Chalcedon, A. D. 451. (Concil. vol. iv. p. 405.)
There were various other ecclesiastical writers
of the name of Athanasius, of whom a list is given
in Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. viii. p. 174.
ATHANA'SIUS SCHOLASTICUS. 1. A
Graeco-Roman jurist, who practised as an advocate at Emesa, and was contemporary with
and survived Justinian. He published in Greek
an epitome of Justinian's Novellme; and this work,
long known to the learned to exist in manuscript
in the royal libraries of Vienna and Paris, was first
given to the world by G. E. Heimbach, in the first
volume of his 'AvEc or7a, Leipz. 1838. It was probably the same Athanasius who wrote a book de
Criminibus, of which there was a manuscript in the
library of Ant. Augustinus. (G. E. Heimbach, De
Basilicorum Origine Fontibus Scholiis, 4c., Leipz.
1825, p. 41.)
2. A Graeco-Roman jurist, who wrote scholia
on Eustathius after the publication of the Basilica.
(Leunclav. Jus Gr. Rom. vol. ii. p. 207; Heimbach, de Basilic. Orig. &c. p. 44.) [J. T. G.]
ATHE'NA ('AOfr1V or 'A0rva^), one of the
great divinities of the Greeks. Homer (II. v.
880) calls her a daughter of Zeus, without any
allusion to her mother or to the manner in which
she was called into existence, while most of the
later traditions agree in stating that she was born
from the head of Zeus. According to Hesiod
(Theog. 886, &c.), Metis, the first wife of Zeus,
was the mother of Athena, but when Metis was
pregnant with her, Zeus, on the advice of Gaea
and Uranus, swallowed Metis up, and afterwards
gave birth himself to Athena, who sprang from his
head. (Hesiod, 1. c. 924.) Pindar (01. vii. 35,
&c.) adds, that Hephaestus split the head of Zeus
with his axe, and that Athena sprang forth with a
mighty war-shout. Others relate, that Prometheus
or Hermes or Palamaon assisted Zeus in giving
birth to Athena, and mentioned the. river Triton
as the place where the event took place. (Apollod.
i. 4. ~ 6; Schol. ad Pind. 01. vii. 66.) Other
traditions again relate, that Athena sprang from
the head of Zeus in full armour, a statement for
which Stesichorus is said to have been the most
ancient authority. (Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 355; Philostr. Icon. ii. 27; Schol. ad Apollon. iv. 1310.)
All these traditions, however, agree in making
Athena a daughter of Zeus; but a second set regard her as the daughter of Pallas, the winged
giant, whom she afterwards killed on account of
his attempting to violate her chastity, whose skin