A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

328 ARISTOTELES..ARISTOTELES.
The origin of thes3 categories, according to Tren- of Rhodes. Out of this pragmSaty there have been
delenburg's investigation, is of alinguistic-grammati- lost the writings lepl pAoooop)ias, in three books,
cal nature. (Trend. de Arist. Categ. Berol. 1833, containing the first sketch of metaphysics, and a
8vo.) description of the Pythagorean and Platonic philo2. repl ipupqvelias (de Elocutione oratoria), i. e. sophy; and TIep) ileas, in at least four books, a
concerning the expression of thoughts by means of polemic representation of the Platonic doctrine of
speech. By Eipurveia Aristotle understands the ideas. (See Brandis, Diatribe de perd. Arist.
import of all the component parts of judgments libr. 21. 14.)
and conclusions. As the Categories are of a gram- Literature of the -Metaphysics. The edition by
matical origin, so also this small treatise, which Brandis, Berlin, 1823, of which hitherto only the
was probably not quite completed, was, as it were, first vol., containing the text, has appeared. Sc/ho
the first attempt at a philosophical system of gram- lia Graeca in Arist. lMet. ed. Brandis, Berol. 1837,
mar. (See Classen, de Grammaticae Graecae Pri- 8vo. iv. 1; Biese, die Philosophie des Arist. i. pp.
mordiis, Bonnae, 1829, p. 52; K. E. Geppert, 310-661; Michelet, Examen critique de la MeDarstelluncg der Granmmatischen Kategorien, Berlin, taph. d'Arist., Paris, 1836; Ravaisson, Sur la
1836, p. 11.) Mitaphi. d'Arist., Paris, 1838; Glaser, die Metaph.
After these propaedeutical treatises, in which des Arist. nach Composition, Inhalt, und Methode.
definitions (/opoi) and propositions (rpordsoeis) are Berlin, 1841; Vater, Vindiciae theologiae Aristotreated of, there follow, as the first part of Logic, telis, Lips. 1795; Brandis, Diatribe deperd. Arist.
properly so called, 3. The two books 'AvaXvrrac libr. de Ideis et de Bono, sive de Philosop/hia, Bon7rpoTepa (Analytica priora), the theory of concln- nae, 1823, and Rheinisc/hes Museum, ii. 2, p. 208,
sions. The title is derived from the resolution of &c., 4, p. 558, &c.; Trendelenburg, Platonis de Ideis
the conclusion into its fundamental component et Numeris Doctrina ex Aristotele illustrata, Lips.
parts (dvavaeivw). The word rpo'repa, appended to 1826; Starke, de Arist. de Intelligentia, sive de
the title, is from a later hand. 4. The two books, iMlente Sententia, Neo-Ruppini, 1833, 4to.; Bonitz,
Ava\vriKcT iu' rrepa (also 3eu'repa, E'iyaka), treat, Observationes criticae in Aristotelis libros metaphythe first of demonstrable (apodeictic) knowledge, sicos, Berol. 1842.
the second of the application of conclusions to proof. Mathematics, the second science in the sphere of
5. The eight books Tow-inucl embrace Dialectics, Theoretical Philosophy, is treated of in the followi. e. the logic of the probable according to Aristotle. ing writings of Aristotle:It is the method of arriving at farther conclusions 1. nIep' dTrdylwv 7ypajpJwgv, i. e. concerning indion every problem according to probable propositions visible lines, intended as a proof of the doctrine of
and general points of view. From these last, the infinite divisibility of magnitudes. This work
(To701, sedes etfontes argumentorum, loci, Cic. Top. was attributed by several ancient critics to Theoc. 2, Orat. c. 14,) the work takes its name. We phrastus. Ed. princeps by Stephanus, 1557.
must regard as an appendix to the Topica the 2. MIrlXavirrc srpoKA,'-uara, Mechanical Problems,
treatise, 6, TIpl 'rorIoTIKCV JAE'yXev, concerning critically and exegetically edited by Van Capelle,
the fallacies which only apparently prove something Amstelod. 1812. The Roman writer Vitruvius
to us. Published separately by Winckelmann, made diligent use of this treatise,.
Leipzig, 1833, as an appendix to his edition of We now come to the third main division of
Plato's Euthydemus. Theoretical Philosophy, viz. Physics or Natural
science (7rpa'yavelia s. iAEyOosos ( VcIK', 'r7T4(57
2. Thieoretical Philosophy. 7rEpi (drews, arroplaa sreptl 'o-es, Phys. i. 1; de
Caelo, iii. 1.) According to the way in which it
Its three parts are Physics, Mathematics, and is treated of by Aristotle, it exhibits the following
AMetaphysics. In Physics, theoretical philosophy division and arrangement: The science of Physics
considers' material substances, which have the considers as well the universal causes and relations
source of motion in themselves (Tra o "r ico IVOV- of entire nature, as the individual natural bodies.
i6eva). In mathematics the subject is the attri- The latter are either simple and therefore eternal
butes of quantity and extension (rd iro'oov Kal Trd and imperishable, as the heaven, the heavenly
ovv-XEls), which are external to motion indeed, bodies, and the fundamental powers of the elements
but not separate from things (Xwpbrai-d), though (warm, cold, moist, dry); or they are compound,
they are still independent, tcae' auTa E'VOVTra. earthly, and perishable. The compound physical
Metaphysics (in Arist. srpc6'r7 ( hXoa'oLpia, ao'fpa, substances are, 1. such as are formed immediately
hEoAoyia, SeoAWoyKo) Trm'rTv4yTU, or (PLtXo(o'LO a by the above-mentioned fundamental forces, as the
simply) have to do with existence in itself and as elements-fire, air, water, earth; 2. collections of
such (ro' Ov 6v, Met. r. 1, E. 1), which in like homogeneous matter (duoiogeppj, similaria), which
manner is external to motion; but at the same are compounded of the elements, e. g. stones, blood,
time exists by itself separably from individual bones, flesh; 3. heterogeneous component parts (dvothings (o6 'XwpiLrOr7 v d Kial T ' dicivr]ov). Their gowofJepr), dissimilaria), as e. g. head, hand, &c.,
subject therefore is the universal, the ultimate which are compounded of different homogeneous
causes of things, the best, the first (7TO K2aeoAov, constituent parts, as of bones, blood, flesh, &c.;
rad iria, rod pi-i Tov, Td i rpW-a, irepl dpXads Eris-- 4. organized objects compounded of such hetero'rTi-4), absolute existence, and the one. To this geneous constituent parts: animals, plants. The
last branch belong course of observation and investigation proceeds
The Mletaphysics, in 14 books (rCv Fpera ' T-r from the whole and universal to the particular and
vo'iucd, A-N), which probably originated after individual; but in the case of each individual
Aristotle's death in the collection of originally in- portion of the representation, from the cognoscent
dependent treatises. The title also is of late observation of the external appearance to the inorigin. It occurs first in Plutarch (Alex. c. 7), vestigation of the causes. (Phys. i. 1, iii. 1; de
and must probably be traced back to Andronicus Partib, Animal, i. 5; Hist.Anim. i. 6. ~ 4, Schnei